Valencene Synthase Polypeptides, Encoding Nucleic Acid Molecules And Uses Thereof

ABSTRACT

Provided are valencene synthase polypeptides, nucleic acid molecules encoding the valencene synthases, host cells containing the nucleic acids and methods for producing products whose production is catalyzed by the polypeptides. Also provided are methods for producing valencene and nootkatone.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

Benefit of priority is claimed to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/852,462, filed Mar. 14, 2013, entitled “VALENCENE SYNTHASE POLYPEPTIDES, ENCODING NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES AND USES THEREOF.” The subject matter of the above-noted application is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

This application is related to International PCT Application No. (Attorney Docket No. 33322-237PC), filed the same day herewith, entitled “VALENCENE SYNTHASE POLYPEPTIDES, ENCODING NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES AND USES THEREOF,” which also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/852,462.

The subject matter of each of the above-noted applications is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF SEQUENCE LISTING PROVIDED ELECTRONICALLY

An electronic version on compact disc (CD-R) of the Sequence Listing is filed herewith in duplicate (labeled Copy 1 and Copy 2), the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The computer-readable file on each of the aforementioned compact discs, created on Mar. 11, 2014, is identical, 148 kilobytes in size, and titled 237seq.001.txt.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Provided are valencene synthase polypeptides, nucleic acid molecules encoding the valencene synthases, host cells containing the nucleic acids and methods for producing products whose production is catalyzed by the polypeptides. Also provided are methods for producing valencene and nootkatone.

BACKGROUND

Valencene and nootkatone are sesquiterpenes that occur in essential oils, such as citrus oils, including orange and grapefruit. Valencene is produced by cyclization of the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), and oxidation of valencene results in the formation of nootkatone. Valencene and nootkatone are both used in the perfume and flavor industry.

Valencene originally was extracted from the peel of the Valencia orange and nootkatone is extracted from grapefruit peels or produced by oxidation of extracted valencene. Although chemical approaches to generate valencene and nootkatone have been attempted, the highly complex structures of these compounds have rendered economically viable synthetic processes for their preparation in large quantities unattainable. Valencene has been produced in host cells catalyzed by nucleic acid encoding a citrus valencene synthase (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,442,785). Improvements in production and alternative means of production and production of valencene and other terpenes are sought.

Thus, among the objects herein, is the provision of valencene synthase polypeptides and methods for production of terpene products whose production is catalyzed by the polypeptides.

SUMMARY

Provided are Eryngium valencene synthases (EgVSs). Provided are isolated valencene synthase polypeptides that have a sequence of amino acids that has at least 55%, such as at least 58% or at least 85%, sequence identity to the valencene synthase polypeptide whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. The exemplified Eryngium glaciale synthase has the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. The valencene synthases provided herein catalyze production of valencene and other products from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as, but not limited to, farnesyl diphosphate. Production can be effected in vitro by contacting the isolated synthase with an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, or in vivo in a suitable host cell that encodes the synthase. Suitable host cells produce or are modified to produce an acyclic pyrophosphate precursor. If the cells are human in origin, they are isolated or cultured cells or a cell culture. Cells, such as yeast cells, particularly cells that express an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, that express the EgVS produce very high amounts of valencene compared to the same cells that express the citrus (Citrus sinensis) valencene synthase (CVS) and variants thereof that are optimized and/or modified to express high levels of valencene.

Also provided are nucleic acid molecules that encode any of the valencene synthases provided herein. The nucleic acid molecules include isolated nucleic acid molecules and also cDNA. For example, nucleic acid molecules provided herein are those that encode the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, and also any that encode a sequence of amino acids that has at least 58%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a valencene synthase polypeptide whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or a catalytically active fragment thereof, where the encoded polypeptide catalyzes production of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor. For example, the isolated nucleic acid molecule is selected from among nucleic acid molecules that contain: (a) the sequence of nucleic acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; (b) a sequence of nucleic acids having at least 85% sequence identity to a sequence of nucleic acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and (c) degenerates of (a) and (b). Also provided are the isolated polypeptides and catalytically active fragments encoded by the nucleic acid molecules provided herein. The encoded polypeptides can be produced by expression in any host cell, including eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, such as mammalian cells, yeast cells and bacterial cells. In examples where the host cell is a mammalian cell that is a human cell, the cell is an isolated cell or a cell in culture, such as in a cell culture.

Also provided are vectors that contain the nucleic acid molecules provided herein. Vectors include prokaryotic and eukaryotic vectors, including viral vectors and yeast vectors, such as Saccharomyces vectors.

Also provided are cells that contain the vectors and nucleic acid molecules encoding an EgVS. The cells include prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, including, but not limited to bacteria, yeast, insect, plant and mammalian cells. In examples where the host cell is a mammalian cell that is a human cell, the cell is an isolated cell or a cultured cell. In some examples, the nucleic acid is heterologous to the cell. Yeast cells provided herein include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces genus cells and Pichia genus cells. Bacterial cells provided herein include Escherichia coli cells. Plant cells provided herein include protoplasts. The cells can produce the acyclic precursor, such as farnesyl diphosphate, natively, or can be modified to produce it or to produce more than an unmodified cell. Among the cells provided herein are those that encode a valencene synthase polypeptide, where: the host cell produces an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor; the valencene synthase polypeptide is heterologous to the host; and the valencene synthase catalyzes production of valencene from the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as farnesyl diphosphate. Also provided are transgenic plants that encode the valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein. They can include nucleic acid encoding the valencene synthase polypeptide or a suitable vector encoding it. Exemplary transgenic plants include tobacco plants.

Provided herein are methods for producing a valencene synthase polypeptide. The methods include the steps of introducing a nucleic acid molecule that encodes the valencene synthase polypeptides, or catalytically active fragments thereof, provided herein or a vector that encodes the valencene synthase polypeptide, or catalytically active fragments thereof, into a cell, for example, by transfection or transformation; culturing the cell in vitro or in vivo under conditions suitable for expression of the valencene synthase polypeptide or catalytically active fragment thereof; and, optionally isolating the valencene synthase polypeptide. Cells for use in the methods include eukaryotic and prokaryotic host cells, including, but not limited to, bacteria, yeast, insect, plant and mammalian cells. Yeast cells for use in the methods include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces genus cells and Pichia genus cells.

Also provided are methods for producing valencene. The methods involve contacting an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with a valencene synthase polypeptide or catalytically active fragment thereof, provided herein, in vitro or in vivo, under conditions suitable for the formation of valencene from the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as farnesyl diphosphate. In some examples, the valencene is isolated or purified. In the provided methods, the step of contacting the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with the valencene synthase polypeptide or catalytically active fragment thereof can be effected in vitro or in vivo in a suitable host cell provided herein. When effected in vivo, the nucleic acids or vectors can be introduced into the cells as described herein, such that the encoded valencene synthase polypeptide or catalytic fragment thereof is heterologous to the cells, and the cells cultured under conditions in which the encoded valencene synthase is expressed. The cells for use in such methods can be modified to produce the acyclic precursor or to produce more of the acyclic precursor than the unmodified cells. Exemplary cells and methods for selecting such cells include those described in issued U.S. Pat. No. 8,609,371 (U.S. Pub. No. 2010-0151555) and U.S. Pat. No. 8,481,286 (U.S. Pub. No. 2010-0151519). The valencene can be converted to nootkatone, such as by oxidation, which can be performed by known methods, including biosynthetic and chemical methods.

Thus, also provided herein are methods of producing nootkatone. Such methods involve producing valencene using the steps set forth in any of the methods provided herein for producing valencene; isolating the valencene product; oxidizing the valencene to produce nootkatone; and isolating the nootkatone. The valencene can be oxidized chemically or biosynthetically.

In any of the provided methods, any method known to the skilled artisan can be used for isolating valencene and/or nootkatone, as well as any other products of the reaction(s), including aristolochene, which is the peak 2 compound in FIG. 3A. Such methods of isolation include, but are not limited to, extraction with an organic solvent and/or column chromatography.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is the reaction scheme for the production of valencene and nootkatone. Valencene synthases are class 1 plant terpene cyclases or synthases that convert farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) into the sesquiterpene valencene. Valencene then can be oxidized to form nootkatone.

FIGS. 2A-B. FIG. 2A depicts the gas chromatogram of the Eryngium glaciale plant oil extract. Valencene (peak 1) is detected at 10.18 minutes. FIG. 2B depicts the mass spectrum of the peak at 10.18 minutes, which corresponds to valencene.

FIGS. 3A-B. FIG. 3A depicts the gas chromatogram of an exemplary yeast strain designated ALX7-95 strain transformed with a gene encoding Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase. Valencene (peak 1) is observed at 12.46 minutes. An additional compound (designated Peak 2) is observed at 12.37 minutes. FIG. 3B depicts the mass spectrum of the peak at 12.46, which corresponds to valencene.

FIGS. 4A-G depicts exemplary alignments of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase (EGVS) with other valencene synthases. A “*” means that the residues or nucleotides in that column are identical in all sequences in the alignment, a “:” means that conserved substitutions have been observed, and a “.” means that semi-conserved substitutions are observed. For example, FIG. 4A depicts the alignment of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with Citrus sinensis valencene synthase (CVS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:14. FIG. 4B depicts the alignment of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with Citrus×paradisi valencene synthase (CVS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:15. FIG. 4C depicts the alignment of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with Vitis vinifera valencene synthase (VVS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:16. FIG. 4D depicts the alignment of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with Chamaecyparis nootkatensis valencene synthase (CNVS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:17. FIG. 4E depicts the alignment of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with a modified CVS valencene synthase designated V277 (described in copending U.S. Publication Serial No. 2012-0246767), whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:31. FIG. 4F depicts the alignment of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with Chamaecyparis nootkatensis valencene synthase (CNVS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:29. FIG. 4G depicts the alignment of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with Perilla frutescens valencene synthase (PFVS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:38.

FIGS. 5A-J depicts exemplary alignments of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase (EGVS) with other terpene synthases. A “*” means that the residues or nucleotides in that column are identical in all sequences in the alignment, a “:” means that conserved substitutions have been observed, and a “.” means that semi-conserved substitutions are observed. For example, FIG. 5A depicts the alignment of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with Eleutherococcus trifoliatus alpha-copaene synthase (ETACS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:18. FIG. 5B depicts the alignment of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with Actinidia deliciosa germacrene-D synthase (ADGDS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:19. FIG. 5C depicts the alignment of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with Vitis vinifera (−)-germacrene-D synthase (VDGS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:20. FIG. 5D depicts the alignment of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with Santalum murrayanum sesquiterpene synthase (SMSS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:21. FIG. 5E depicts the alignment of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with Ricinus communis (+)-delta-cadinene synthase (RCDCS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:22. FIG. 5F depicts the alignment of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with Citrus×paradisi delta-cadinene synthase (CDCS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:23. FIG. 5G depicts the alignment of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with Nicotiana tabacum 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (TEAS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:24. FIG. 5H depicts the alignment of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with Hyoscyamus muticus premnaspirodiene synthase (HPS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:25. FIG. 5I depicts an alignment of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with Citrus hystrix germacrene D synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:45.

FIG. 5J depicts an alignment of V277 set forth in SEQ ID NO:31 and citrus valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:14.

FIG. 6 depicts the steady state enzyme kinetic parameters for the E. glaciale valencene synthase (EgVS), whose sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 (left) and the valencene synthase V277 (labeled CVS), whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:31 (right); FPP=farnesyl diphosphate.

FIG. 7 demonstrates that valencene produced in yeast catalyzed by EVS is significantly greater than that produced in yeast catalyzed by CVS.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Outline A. Definitions B. Overview 1. Valencene structure and uses 2. Nootkatone 3. Valencene synthases a. Structure b. Activities 4. Assays for detecting the enzymatic activity of valencene synthase polypeptides C. Nucleic acid molecules encoding Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase and encoded polypeptides 1. Isolation of nucleic acid encoding valencene synthases a. Generation of modified nucleic acid 2. Vectors and cells for expression of valencene synthase polypeptides 3. Expression systems a. Prokaryotic cells b. Yeast cells c. Plants and plant cells d. Insects and insect cells e. Mammalian cells 4. Purification D. Valencene synthase polypeptides 1. Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase polypeptides 2. Modifications of Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase polypeptides a. Truncated polypeptides b. Polypeptides with altered activities or properties c. Domain swaps d. Additional variants e. Fusion proteins E. Methods for producing terpenes and methods for detecting such products and the acitivity of valencene synthase polypeptides 1. Production of terpenes catalyzed by Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase a. Exemplary cells b. Culture of cells c. Isolation and assessment of products 2. Production of Nootkatone F. Examples

A. DEFINITIONS

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the invention(s) belong. All patents, patent applications, published applications and publications, GenBank sequences, databases, websites and other published materials referred to throughout the entire disclosure herein, unless noted otherwise, are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the event that there are a plurality of definitions for terms herein, those in this section prevail. Where reference is made to a URL or other such identifier or address, it understood that such identifiers can change and particular information on the internet can come and go, but equivalent information can be found by searching the interne. Reference thereto evidences the availability and public dissemination of such information.

As used herein, an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor is any acyclic pyrophosphate compound that is a precursor to the production of at least one terpene, including, but not limited, farnesyl-pyrophosphate (FPP), to geranyl-pyrophosphate (GPP), and geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate (GGPP). Acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursors are thus substrates for terpene synthases.

As used herein, a terpene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon based on the isoprene unit (C₅H₈), and having a general formula C_(5x)H_(8x), such as C₁₀H₁₆. Reference to a terpene includes acyclic, monocyclic and polycyclic terpenes. Terpenes include, but are not limited to, monoterpenes, which contain 10 carbon atoms; sesquiterpenes, which contain 15 carbon atoms; diterpenes, which contain 20 carbon atoms, and triterpenes, which contain 30 carbon atoms. Reference to a terpene also includes stereoisomers of the terpene.

As used herein, a terpene synthase is a polypeptide capable of catalyzing the formation of one or more terpenes from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, for example, FPP, GPP or GGPP.

As used herein, valencene is a sesquiterpene having the following structure:

Reference to valencene includes reference to any isomer thereof, including, but not limited to (+)-valencene.

As used herein, nootkatone is a sesquiterpenoid having the following structure:

Reference to nootkatone includes reference to any isomer thereof.

As used herein, a “valencene synthase” or “valencene synthase polypeptide” is a polypeptide capable of catalyzing the formation of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). Included among the valencene synthase polypeptides herein are any that have greater than or greater than about or 63%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% sequence identity with the valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, when aligned along its full length, or a catalytically active fragment thereof. These polypeptides catalyze the production of valencene as the only product or one among a mixture of products formed from the reaction of an acyclic pyrophosphate-terpene precursor with a valencene synthase. Typically valencene is the most prevalent product or among several prevalent products. For example, the amount of valencene produced from the reaction of a valencene synthase with an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor typically is at least or at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more of the total amount of terpene produced in the reaction. In some instances, valencene is the predominant terpene produced (i.e. present in greater amounts than any other single terpene produced from the reaction of an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with a valencene synthase).

Reference to a valencene synthase includes any polypeptide that catalyzes production of valencene, including, but not limited to, a recombinantly produced polypeptide, a synthetically produced polypeptide and a valencene synthase polypeptide extracted or isolated from cells and plant matter from which valencene has been isolated, including, but not limited to, the thistle species as provided herein. Other exemplary valencene synthase polypeptides include those isolated from citrus fruit, grapevine flowers (e.g. Vitis vinifera L. cv. Gewürztraminer and Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (see, Lucker et al., (2004) Phytochemistry 65(19):2649-2659 and Martin et al., (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA 106:7245-7250) and perilla (green shiso). Citrus valencene synthases (CVS), include, but are not limited to, valencene synthase from Citrus sinensis (Sweet orange) (SEQ ID NOS:14, and 34) and Citrus×paradisi (Grapefruit) (SEQ ID NOS:15, 26 and 27). Other exemplary valencene synthase polypeptides include valencene synthase isolated from grapevine flowers, including Vitis vinifera L. cv. Gewürztraminer and Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (SEQ ID NOS:16 and 28), valencene synthases isolated from Chamaecyparis nootkatensis pendula (SEQ ID NO:17 and 29) and Perilla frutescens valencene synthase (SEQ ID NO:38). Reference to valencene synthase includes valencene synthase from any genus or species, and included allelic or species variants, variants encoded by splice variants, and other variants thereof, including polypeptides that have at least or at least about 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Valencene synthase also includes fragments thereof that retain valencene synthase activity.

As used herein, catalytically active fragments of the valencene synthase polypeptides are truncated synthase polypeptides that retain the ability to catalyze the formation of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor. One of skill in the art readily can identify a fragment of a synthase that retains catalytic activity by testing it in any suitable assay, such as any described herein, and detecting formation of valencene from the precursor.

As used herein, “valencene synthase activity” (also referred to herein as catalytic activity) refers to the ability to catalyze the formation of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). Methods to assess valencene formation from the reaction of a synthase with an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as FPP, are well known in the art and described herein. For example, the synthase can be expressed in a host cell, such as a yeast cell, that also produces FPP. The production of valencene then can be assessed and quantified using, for example, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (see Examples below). A synthase is considered to exhibit valencene synthase activity or the ability to catalyze the formation of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor such as FPP if the amount of valencene produced from the reaction is at least or at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more of the total amount of terpenes produced in the reaction.

As used herein, “increased catalytic activity” with reference to the activity of a valencene synthase means that the ability to catalyze the formation of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), is increased thereby resulting in increased formation of valencene. For purposes herein, a valencene synthase exhibits increased catalytic activity if the amount of valencene produced from FPP by the modified valencene synthase is 10% to 500%, 10% to 250%, 50% to 250%, 100% to 500% or is 100% to 250% greater than the amount of valencene produced from FPP by the valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, such as 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400%, 500% or more greater than the amount of valencene produced from FPP by the valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. For example, a valencene synthase exhibits increased catalytic activity if the amount of valencene produced from FPP by the modified valencene synthase is at least or about at least 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400%, 500%, 1500%, 2000%, 3000%, 4000%, 5000% of the amount of valencene produced from FPP by wild-type valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 under the same conditions.

As used herein, “wild-type” or “native” with reference to valencene synthase refers to a valencene synthase polypeptide encoded by a native or naturally occurring valencene synthase gene, including allelic variants, that is present in an organism, including a plant, in nature. Reference to wild-type valencene synthase without reference to a species is intended to encompass any species of a wild-type valencene synthase. The amino acid sequence of exemplary valencene synthases are set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 (isolated from Eryngium glaciale), SEQ ID NO: 14 (isolated from Citrus sinensis cv. Valencia, Citrus sinensis cv. Cara Cara and Citrus×paradisi), SEQ ID NO:34 (isolated from Citrus sinensis cv. Valencia), SEQ ED NO:27 (isolated from Citrus×paradisi), SEQ ID NO:26 (isolated from Citrus×paradisi), SEQ ID NOS:16 and 28 (isolated from Vitis vinifera), SEQ ID NO:29 (isolated from Chamaecyparis nootkatensis pendula) and SEQ ID NO:38 (isolated from Perilla frutescens).

As used herein, species variants refer to variants in polypeptides among different species.

As used herein, allelic variants refer to variations in encoded proteins among members of the same species.

As used herein, a splice variant refers to a variant produced by differential processing of a primary transcript of genomic DNA that results in more than one type of mRNA.

As used herein, “modified valencene synthase polypeptide” refers to a valencene synthase polypeptide that has one or more amino acid differences compared to an unmodified or wild-type valencene synthase polypeptide. The one or more amino acid differences can be amino acid mutations such as one or more amino acid replacements (substitutions), insertions or deletions, or can be insertions or deletions of entire domains, and any combinations thereof. Typically, a modified valencene synthase polypeptide has one or more modifications in primary sequence compared to an unmodified or wild-type valencene synthase polypeptide. For example, a modified valencene synthase polypeptide provided herein can have at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 or more amino acid differences compared to an unmodified valencene synthase polypeptide. Any modification is contemplated as long as the resulting polypeptide exhibits at least one valencene synthase activity associated with a wild-type valencene synthase polypeptide, such as, for example, catalytic activity, the ability to bind FPP, and/or the ability to catalyze the formation of valencene from FPP.

As used herein, reference to a modified valencene synthase polypeptide producing valencene from FPP in an amount that is greater than the amount of valencene produced from FPP by a reference valencene synthase, such as a wild-type valencene synthase, indicates that the modified valencene synthase produces at least or about 10% more valencene from FPP than the reference valencene synthase produces. For example, such a modified valencene synthase polypeptide can produce at least or at least about 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 800%, 900%, 1000%, 2000%, 5000% or more valencene from FPP compared to the amount of valencene produced from FPP by a reference valencene synthase. The amount of valencene produced from FPP by a valencene synthase can be assessed by any method known in the art. When comparing the amount of valencene produced from FPP by two valencene synthases, such as a modified valencene synthase and a reference valencene synthase, such as a wild-type valencene synthase, it is understood that the assay is performed under the same conditions for each synthase. In one example, the amount of valencene produced from FPP by two valencene synthases, such as a modified valencene synthase and a reference valencene synthase, is assessed by expressing the modified valencene synthase and the reference valencene synthase separately in a yeast cell of the same strain (wherein expression is from the same expression vector) that also produces FPP, and culturing the cells under the same conditions such that valencene is produced. The amount of valencene produced in the cell culture expressing the modified valencene synthase is compared to the amount of valencene produced in the cell culture expressing the reference valencene synthase, using methods of quantification well known in the art, such as GC-MS.

As used herein, corresponding residues refers to residues that occur at aligned loci. Related or variant polypeptides are aligned by any method known to those of skill in the art. Such methods typically maximize matches, and include methods such as using manual alignments and by using the numerous alignment programs available (for example, BLASTP) and others known to those of skill in the art. By aligning the sequences of polypeptides, one skilled in the art can identify corresponding residues, using conserved and identical amino acid residues as guides. Corresponding positions also can be based on structural alignments, for example by using computer simulated alignments of protein structure. For example, as shown in FIG. 4A, Asp315 of E. glaciale valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 corresponds to Asp301 of C. sinensis valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:14.

As used herein, domain or region (typically a sequence of three or more, generally 5 or 7 or more amino acids) refers to a portion of a molecule, such as a protein or the encoding nucleic acids, that is structurally and/or functionally distinct from other portions of the molecule and is identifiable. A protein can have one, or more than one, distinct domains. For example, a domain can be identified, defined or distinguished by homology of the sequence therein to related family members, such as other terpene synthases. A domain can be a linear sequence of amino acids or a non-linear sequence of amino acids. Many polypeptides contain a plurality of domains. Such domains are known, and can be identified by, those of skill in the art. For exemplification herein, definitions are provided, but it is understood that it is well within the skill in the art to recognize particular domains by name. If needed, appropriate software can be employed to identify domains. For example, as discussed above, corresponding domains in different terpene synthases can be identified by sequence alignments, such as using tools and algorithms well known in the art (for example, BLASTP).

As used herein, a functional domain refers to those portions of a polypeptide that are recognized by virtue of a functional activity, such as catalytic activity. A functional domain can be distinguished by its function, such as by catalytic activity, or an ability to interact with a biomolecule, such as substrate binding or metal binding. In some examples, a domain independently can exhibit a biological function or property such that the domain independently, or fused to another molecule, can perform an activity, such as, for example catalytic activity or substrate binding.

As used herein, a structural domain refers to those portions of a polypeptide chain that can form an independently folded structure within a protein made up of one or more structural motifs.

As used herein, “heterologous” with respect to an amino acid or nucleic acid sequence refers to portions of a sequence that are not present in the native polypeptide or encoded by the native polynucleotide. For example, a portion of amino acids of a polypeptide, such as a domain or region or portion thereof, for a valencene synthase is heterologous thereto if such amino acids are not present in a native or wild-type valencene synthase (e.g. as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1), or encoded by the polynucleotide encoding a native or wild-type valencene synthase. Polypeptides containing such heterologous amino acids or polynucleotides encoding therefor are referred to as “chimeric polypeptides” or “chimeric polynucleotides,” respectively.

As used herein, the phrase “a property of the modified terpene synthase is improved compared to the first terpene synthase” refers to a desirable change in a property of a modified terpene synthase compared to a terpene synthase that does not contain the modification(s). Typically, the property or properties are improved such that the amount of a desired terpene produced from the reaction of a substrate with the modified terpene synthase is increased compared to the amount of the desired terpene produced from the reaction of a substrate with a terpene synthase that is not so modified. Exemplary properties that can be improved in a modified terpene synthase include, for example, terpene production, catalytic activity, product distribution; substrate specificity; regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. One or more of the properties can be assessed using methods well-known in the art to determine whether the property had been improved (i.e. has been altered to be more desirable for the production of a desired terpene or terpenes).

As used herein, terpene production (also referred to as terpene yield) refers to the amount (in weight or weight/volume) of terpene produced from the reaction of an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with a terpene synthase. Reference to total terpene production refers to the total amount of all terpenes produced from the reaction, while reference to specific terpene production refers to the amount of a specific terpene (e.g. valencene), produced from the reaction.

As used herein, an improved terpene production refers to an increase in the total amount of terpene (i.e. improved total terpene production) or an increase in the specific amount of terpene (i.e. improved specific terpene production) produced from the reaction of an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with a modified terpene synthase compared to the amount produced from the reaction of the same acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with a terpene synthase that is not so modified. The amount of terpene (total or specific) produced from the reaction of an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with a modified terpene synthase can be increased by at least or at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% or more compared to the amount of terpene produced from the reaction of the same acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor under the same conditions with a terpene synthase that is not so modified.

As used herein, substrate specificity refers to the preference of a valencene synthase for one target substrate over another, such as one acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor (e.g. farnesyl-pyrophosphate (FPP), geranyl-pyrophosphate (GPP), or geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate (GGPP)) over another. Substrate specificity can be assessed using methods well known in the art, such as those that calculate k_(cat)/K_(m). For example, the substrate specificity can be assessed by comparing the relative k_(cat)/K_(m), which is a measure of catalytic efficiency, of the enzyme against various substrates (e.g. GPP, FPP, GGPP).

As used herein, altered specificity refers to a change in substrate specificity of a modified terpene synthase polypeptide (such as a modified valencene synthase polypeptide) compared to a terpene synthase that is not so modified (such as, for example, a wild-type valencene synthase). The specificity (e.g. k_(cat)/K_(m)) of a modified terpene synthase polypeptide for a substrate, such as FPP, GPP or GGPP, can be altered by at least or at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% or more compared to the specificity of a starting valencene synthase for the same substrate.

As used herein, improved substrate specificity refers to a change or alteration in the substrate specificity to a more desired specificity. For example, improved substrate specificity can include an increase in substrate specificity of a modified terpene synthase polypeptide for a desired substrate, such as FPP, GPP or GGPP. The specificity (e.g. k_(cat)/K_(m)) of a modified terpene synthase polypeptide for a substrate, such as FPP, GPP or GGPP, can be increased by at least or at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% or more compared to the specificity of a terpene synthase that is not so modified.

As used herein, “product distribution” refers to the relative amounts of different terpenes produced from the reaction between an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as FPP, and a terpene synthase, including the modified valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein. The amount of a produced terpene can be depicted as a percentage of the total products produced by the terpene synthase. For example, the product distribution resulting from reaction of FPP with a valencene synthase can be 90% (weight/volume) valencene and 10% (weight/volume) β-elemene. Methods for assessing the type and amount of a terpene in a solution are well known in the art and described herein, and include, for example, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (see Examples below).

As used herein, an altered product distribution refers to a change in the relative amount of individual terpenes produced from the reaction between an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as FPP, and a terpene synthase, such as valencene synthase. Typically, the change is assessed by determining the relative amount of individual terpenes produced from the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor using a first synthase (e.g. wild-type synthase) and then comparing it to the relative amount of individual terpenes produced using a second synthase (e.g. a modified synthase). An altered product distribution is considered to occur if the relative amount of any one or more terpenes is increased or decreased by at least or by at least about 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or more.

As used herein, an improved product distribution refers to a change in the product distribution to one that is more desirable, i.e. contains more desirable relative amounts of terpenes. For example, an improved product distribution can contain an increased amount of a desired terpene and a decreased amount of a terpene that is not so desired. The amount of desired terpene in an improved production distribution can be increased by at least or by at least about 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or more. The amount of a terpene that is not desired in an improved production distribution can be decreased by at least or by at least about 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or more.

As used herein, nucleic acids or nucleic acid molecules include DNA, RNA and analogs thereof, including peptide nucleic acids (PNA) and mixtures thereof. Nucleic acids can be single or double-stranded. When referring to probes or primers, which are optionally labeled, such as with a detectable label, such as a fluorescent or radiolabel, single-stranded molecules are contemplated. Such molecules are typically of a length such that their target is statistically unique or of low copy number (typically less than 5, generally less than 3) for probing or priming a library. Generally a probe or primer contains at least 14, 16 or 30 contiguous nucleotides of sequence complementary to or identical to a gene of interest. Probes and primers can be 10, 20, 30, 50, 100 or more nucleic acids long.

As used herein, the term polynucleotide means a single- or double-stranded polymer of deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotide bases read from the 5′ to the 3′ end. Polynucleotides include RNA and DNA, and can be isolated from natural sources, synthesized in vitro, or prepared from a combination of natural and synthetic molecules. The length of a polynucleotide molecule is given herein in terms of nucleotides (abbreviated “nt”) or base pairs (abbreviated “bp”). The term nucleotide is used for single- and double-stranded molecules where the context permits. When the term is applied to double-stranded molecules it is used to denote overall length and will be understood to be equivalent to the term base pairs. It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that the two strands of a double-stranded polynucleotide can differ slightly in length and that the ends thereof can be staggered; thus all nucleotides within a double-stranded polynucleotide molecule cannot be paired. Such unpaired ends will, in general, not exceed 20 nucleotides in length.

As used herein, heterologous nucleic acid is nucleic acid that is not normally produced in vivo by the cell in which it is expressed or that is produced by the cell but is at a different locus or expressed differently or that mediates or encodes mediators that alter expression of endogenous nucleic acid, such as DNA, by affecting transcription, translation, or other regulatable biochemical processes. Heterologous nucleic acid is generally not endogenous to the cell into which it is introduced, but has been obtained from another cell or prepared synthetically. Heterologous nucleic acid can be endogenous, but is nucleic acid that is expressed from a different locus or altered in its expression. Generally, although not necessarily, such nucleic acid encodes RNA and proteins that are not normally produced by the cell or in the same way in the cell in which it is expressed. Heterologous nucleic acid, such as DNA, also can be referred to as foreign nucleic acid, such as DNA. Thus, heterologous nucleic acid or foreign nucleic acid includes a nucleic acid molecule not present in the exact orientation or position as the counterpart nucleic acid molecule, such as DNA, is found in a genome. It also can refer to a nucleic acid molecule from another organism or species (i.e., exogenous).

Any nucleic acid, such as DNA, that one of skill in the art would recognize or consider as heterologous or foreign to the cell in which the nucleic acid is expressed is herein encompassed by heterologous nucleic acid; heterologous nucleic acid includes exogenously added nucleic acid that also is expressed endogenously. Examples of heterologous nucleic acid include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid that encodes traceable marker proteins, such as a protein that confers drug resistance, nucleic acid that encodes therapeutically effective substances, such as anti-cancer agents, enzymes and hormones, and nucleic acid, such as DNA, that encodes other types of proteins, such as antibodies. Antibodies that are encoded by heterologous nucleic acid can be secreted or expressed on the surface of the cell in which the heterologous nucleic acid has been introduced.

As used herein, a peptide refers to a polypeptide that is from 2 to 40 amino acids in length.

As used herein, the amino acids that occur in the various sequences of amino acids provided herein are identified according to their known, three-letter or one-letter abbreviations (Table 1). The nucleotides which occur in the various nucleic acid fragments are designated with the standard single-letter designations used routinely in the art.

As used herein, an “amino acid” is an organic compound containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group. A polypeptide contains two or more amino acids. For purposes herein, amino acids include the twenty naturally-occurring amino acids, non-natural amino acids and amino acid analogs (i.e., amino acids wherein the α-carbon has a side chain).

In keeping with standard polypeptide nomenclature described in J. Biol. Chem., 243: 3557-3559 (1968), and adopted 37 C.F.R. §§1.821-1.822, abbreviations for the amino acid residues are shown in Table 1:

TABLE 1 Table of Correspondence SYMBOL 1-Letter 3-Letter AMINO ACID Y Tyr Tyrosine G Gly Glycine F Phe Phenylalanine M Met Methionine A Ala Alanine S Ser Serine I Ile Isoleucine L Leu Leucine T Thr Threonine V Val Valine P Pro Proline K Lys Lysine H His Histidine Q Gln Glutamine E Glu Glutamic acid Z Glx Glu and/or Gln W Trp Tryptophan R Arg Arginine D Asp Aspartic acid N Asn Asparagine B Asx Asn and/or Asp C Cys Cysteine X Xaa Unknown or other

All amino acid residue sequences represented herein by formulae have a left to right orientation in the conventional direction of amino-terminus to carboxyl-terminus. In addition, the phrase “amino acid residue” is broadly defined to include the amino acids listed in the Table of Correspondence (Table 1) and modified and unusual amino acids, such as those referred to in 37 C.F.R. §§1.821-1.822, and incorporated herein by reference. Furthermore, a dash at the beginning or end of an amino acid residue sequence indicates a peptide bond to a further sequence of one or more amino acid residues, to an amino-terminal group such as NH₂ or to a carboxyl-terminal group such as COOH.

As used herein, “naturally occurring amino acids” refer to the 20 L-amino acids that occur in polypeptides.

As used herein, “non-natural amino acid” refers to an organic compound containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group that is not one of the naturally-occurring amino acids listed in Table 1. Non-naturally occurring amino acids thus include, for example, amino acids or analogs of amino acids other than the 20 naturally-occurring amino acids and include, but are not limited to, the D-stereoisomers of amino acids. Exemplary non-natural amino acids are known to those of skill in the art and can be included in any of the modified valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein.

As used herein, modification is in reference to modification of a sequence of amino acids of a polypeptide or a sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid molecule and includes deletions, insertions, and replacements of amino acids and nucleotides, respectively. For purposes herein, amino acid replacements (or substitutions), deletions and/or insertions, can be made in any of the valencene synthases provided herein. Modifications can be made by making conservative amino acid replacements and also non-conservative amino acid substitutions. For example, amino acid replacements that desirably or advantageously alter properties of the valencene synthase can be made. For example, amino acid replacements can be made to the valencene synthase such that the resulting modified valencene synthase can produce more valencene from FPP compared to an unmodified valencene synthase.

Amino acid replacements or substitutions contemplated include conservative substitutions, including, but not limited to, those set forth in Table 2. Suitable conservative substitutions of amino acids are known to those of skill in the art and can be made generally without altering the conformation or activity of the polypeptide. Those of skill in this art recognize that, in general, single amino acid substitutions in non-essential regions of a polypeptide do not substantially alter biological activity (see, e.g., Watson et al. Molecular Biology of the Gene, 4th Edition, 1987, The Benjamin/Cummings Pub. co., p. 224). Conservative amino acid substitutions are made, for example, in accordance with those set forth in Table 2 as follows:

TABLE 2 Original residue Conservative substitution Ala (A) Gly; Ser; Abu Arg (R) Lys; Orn Asn (N) Gln; His Cys (C) Ser Gln (Q) Asn Glu (E) Asp Gly (G) Ala; Pro His (H) Asn; Gln Ile (I) Leu; Val Leu (L) Ile; Val Lys (K) Arg; Gln; Glu Met (M) Leu; Tyr; Ile Ornithine Lys; Arg Phe (F) Met; Leu; Tyr Ser (S) Thr Thr (T) Ser Trp (W) Tyr Tyr (Y) Trp; Phe Val (V) Ile; Leu; Met

Other conservative substitutions also are permissible and can be determined empirically or in accord with known conservative substitutions. The effects of such substitutions can be calculated using substitution score matrices such PAM120, PAM-200, and PAM-250 as discussed in Altschul (J. Mol. Biol. 219:555-565 (1991)).

As used herein, “primary sequence” refers to the sequence of amino acid residues in a polypeptide.

As used herein, “similarity” between two proteins or nucleic acids refers to the relatedness between the sequence of amino acids of the proteins or the nucleotide sequences of the nucleic acids. Similarity can be based on the degree of identity and/or homology of sequences of residues and the residues contained therein. Methods for assessing the degree of similarity between proteins or nucleic acids are known to those of skill in the art. For example, in one method of assessing sequence similarity, two amino acid or nucleotide sequences are aligned in a manner that yields a maximal level of identity between the sequences. “Identity” refers to the extent to which the amino acid or nucleotide sequences are invariant. Alignment of amino acid sequences, and to some extent nucleotide sequences, also can take into account conservative differences and/or frequent substitutions in amino acids (or nucleotides). Conservative differences are those that preserve the physico-chemical properties of the residues involved. Alignments can be global (alignment of the compared sequences over the entire length of the sequences and including all residues) or local (the alignment of a portion of the sequences that includes only the most similar region or regions).

As used herein, the terms “homology” and “identity” are used are used to describe relatedness between and among polypeptides (or encoding nucleic acid molecules). Identity refers to identical sequences; homology can include conservative amino acid changes. In general to identify corresponding positions the sequences of amino acids are aligned so that the highest order match is obtained (see, e.g.: Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991; Carrillo et al. (1988) SIAM J Applied Math 48:1073).

As used herein, “sequence identity” refers to the number of identical or similar amino acids or nucleotide bases in a comparison between a test and a reference polypeptide or polynucleotide. Sequence identity can be determined by sequence alignment of nucleic acid or protein sequences to identify regions of similarity or identity. For purposes herein, sequence identity is generally determined by alignment to identify identical residues. Alignment can be local or global, but for purposes herein is generally a global alignment where the full-length of each sequence is compared. Matches, mismatches and gaps can be identified between compared sequences. Gaps are null amino acids or nucleotides inserted between the residues of aligned sequences so that identical or similar characters are aligned. Generally, there can be internal and terminal gaps. Sequence identity can be determined by taking into account gaps as the number of identical residues/length of the shortest sequence×100. When using gap penalties, sequence identity can be determined with no penalty for end gaps (e.g., terminal gaps are not penalized). Alternatively, sequence identity can be determined without taking into account gaps as the number of identical positions/length of the total aligned sequence×100.

As used herein, a “global alignment” is an alignment that aligns two sequences from beginning to end, aligning each letter in each sequence only once. An alignment is produced, regardless of whether or not there is similarity or identity between the sequences. For example, 50% sequence identity based on “global alignment” means that in an alignment of the full sequence of two compared sequences each of 100 nucleotides in length, 50% of the residues are the same. It is understood that global alignment also can be used in determining sequence identity even when the length of the aligned sequences is not the same. The differences in the terminal ends of the sequences will be taken into account in determining sequence identity, unless the “no penalty for end gaps” is selected. Generally, a global alignment is used on sequences that share significant similarity over most of their length. Exemplary algorithms for performing global alignment include the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman et al. J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443 (1970). Exemplary programs for performing global alignment are publicly available and include the Global Sequence Alignment Tool available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), and the program available at deepc2.psi.iastate.edu/aat/align/align.html.

As used herein, a “local alignment” is an alignment that aligns two sequences, but only aligns those portions of the sequences that share similarity or identity. Hence, a local alignment determines if sub-segments of one sequence are present in another sequence. If there is no similarity, no alignment will be returned. Local alignment algorithms include BLAST or Smith-Waterman algorithm (Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482 (1981)). For example, 50% sequence identity based on “local alignment” means that in an alignment of the full sequence of two compared sequences of any length, a region of similarity or identity of 100 nucleotides in length has 50% of the residues that are the same in the region of similarity or identity.

For purposes herein, sequence identity can be determined by standard alignment algorithm programs used with default gap penalties established by each supplier. Default parameters for the GAP program can include: (1) a unary comparison matrix (containing a value of 1 for identities and 0 for non identities) and the weighted comparison matrix of Gribskov et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 14: 6745 (1986), as described by Schwartz and Dayhoff, eds., Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, National Biomedical Research Foundation, pp. 353-358 (1979); (2) a penalty of 3.0 for each gap and an additional 0.10 penalty for each symbol in each gap; and (3) no penalty for end gaps. Whether any two nucleic acid molecules have nucleotide sequences or any two polypeptides have amino acid sequences that are at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% “identical,” or other similar variations reciting a percent identity, can be determined using known computer algorithms based on local or global alignment (see e.g., wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_alignment_software, providing links to dozens of known and publicly available alignment databases and programs). Generally, for purposes herein sequence identity is determined using computer algorithms based on global alignment, such as the Needleman-Wunsch Global Sequence Alignment tool available from NCBI/BLAST (blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?CMD=Web&Page_TYPE=B lastHome); LAlign (William Pearson implementing the Huang and Miller algorithm (Adv. Appl. Math. (1991) 12:337-357)); and program from Xiaoqui Huang available at deepc2.psi.iastate.edu/aat/align/align.html. Generally, when comparing nucleotide sequences herein, an alignment with penalty for end gaps is used. Local alignment also can be used when the sequences being compared are substantially the same length.

Therefore, as used herein, the term “identity” represents a comparison or alignment between a test and a reference polypeptide or polynucleotide. In one non-limiting example, “at least 90% identical to” refers to percent identities from 90 to 100% relative to the reference polypeptide or polynucleotide. Identity at a level of 90% or more is indicative of the fact that, assuming for exemplification purposes a test and reference polypeptide or polynucleotide length of 100 amino acids or nucleotides are compared, no more than 10% (i.e., 10 out of 100) of amino acids or nucleotides in the test polypeptide or polynucleotide differs from that of the reference polypeptides. Similar comparisons can be made between a test and reference polynucleotides. Such differences can be represented as point mutations randomly distributed over the entire length of an amino acid sequence or they can be clustered in one or more locations of varying length up to the maximum allowable, e.g., 10/100 amino acid difference (approximately 90% identity). Differences also can be due to deletions or truncations of amino acid residues. Differences are defined as nucleic acid or amino acid substitutions, insertions or deletions. Depending on the length of the compared sequences, at the level of homologies or identities above about 85-90%, the result can be independent of the program and gap parameters set; such high levels of identity can be assessed readily, often without relying on software.

As used herein, it also is understood that the terms “substantially identical” or “similar” varies with the context as understood by those skilled in the relevant art, but that those of skill can assess such.

As used herein, an aligned sequence refers to the use of homology (similarity and/or identity) to align corresponding positions in a sequence of nucleotides or amino acids. Typically, two or more sequences that are related by 50% or more identity are aligned. An aligned set of sequences refers to 2 or more sequences that are aligned at corresponding positions and can include aligning sequences derived from RNAs, such as ESTs and other cDNAs, aligned with genomic DNA sequence.

As used herein, isolated or purified polypeptide or protein or biologically-active portion thereof is substantially free of cellular material or other contaminating proteins from the cell of tissue from which the protein is derived, or substantially free from chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. Preparations can be determined to be substantially free if they appear free of readily detectable impurities as determined by standard methods of analysis, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), gel electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), used by those of skill in the art to assess such purity, or sufficiently pure such that further purification would not detectably alter the physical and chemical properties, such as proteolytic and biological activities, of the substance. Methods for purification of the compounds to produce substantially chemically pure compounds are known to those of skill in the art. A substantially chemically pure compound, however, can be a mixture of stereoisomers. In such instances, further purification might increase the specific activity of the compound.

The term substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of valencene synthase and terpene products in which the valencene synthase or terpene product is separated from cellular components of the cells from which it is isolated or produced. In one embodiment, the term substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of valencene synthase or terpene products having less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% or less (by dry weight) of non-valencene synthase or terpene proteins or products, including cell culture medium.

As used herein, production by recombinant methods by using recombinant DNA methods refers to the use of the well known methods of molecular biology for expressing proteins encoded by cloned DNA.

As used herein, vector (or plasmid) refers to discrete DNA elements that are used to introduce heterologous nucleic acid into cells for either expression or replication thereof. The vectors typically remain episomal, but can be designed to effect integration of a gene or portion thereof into a chromosome of the genome. Also contemplated are vectors that are artificial chromosomes, such as bacterial artificial chromosomes, yeast artificial chromosomes and mammalian artificial chromosomes. Selection and use of such vehicles are well known to those of skill in the art.

As used herein, expression refers to the process by which nucleic acid is transcribed into mRNA and translated into peptides, polypeptides, or proteins. If the nucleic acid is derived from genomic DNA, expression can, if an appropriate eukaryotic host cell or organism is selected, include processing, such as splicing of the mRNA.

As used herein, an expression vector includes vectors capable of expressing DNA that is operatively linked with regulatory sequences, such as promoter regions, that are capable of effecting expression of such DNA fragments. Such additional segments can include promoter and terminator sequences, and optionally can include one or more origins of replication, one or more selectable markers, an enhancer, a polyadenylation signal, and the like. Expression vectors are generally derived from plasmid or viral DNA, or can contain elements of both. Thus, an expression vector refers to a recombinant DNA or RNA construct, such as a plasmid, a phage, recombinant virus or other vector that, upon introduction into an appropriate host cell, results in expression of the cloned DNA. Appropriate expression vectors are well known to those of skill in the art and include those that are replicable in eukaryotic cells and/or prokaryotic cells and those that remain episomal or those which integrate into the host cell genome.

As used herein, vector also includes “virus vectors” or “viral vectors.” Viral vectors are engineered viruses that are operatively linked to exogenous genes to transfer (as vehicles or shuttles) the exogenous genes into cells.

As used herein, an adenovirus refers to any of a group of DNA-containing viruses that cause conjunctivitis and upper respiratory tract infections in humans.

As used herein, naked DNA refers to histone-free DNA that can be used for vaccines and gene therapy. Naked DNA is the genetic material that is passed from cell to cell during a gene transfer process called transformation or transfection. In transformation or transfection, purified or naked DNA that is taken up by the recipient cell will give the recipient cell a new characteristic or phenotype.

As used herein, operably or operatively linked when referring to DNA segments means that the segments are arranged so that they function in concert for their intended purposes, e.g., transcription initiates in the promoter and proceeds through the coding segment to the terminator.

As used herein, a “chimeric protein” or “fusion protein” refers to a polypeptide operatively-linked to a different polypeptide. A chimeric or fusion protein provided herein can include one or more valencene synthase polypeptides, or a portion thereof, and one or more other polypeptides for any one or more of a transcriptional/translational control signals, signal sequences, a tag for localization, a tag for purification, part of a domain of an immunoglobulin G, and/or a targeting agent. A chimeric valencene synthase polypeptide also includes those having their endogenous domains or regions of the polypeptide exchanged with another polypeptide. These chimeric or fusion proteins include those produced by recombinant means as fusion proteins, those produced by chemical means, such as by chemical coupling, through, for example, coupling to sulfhydryl groups, and those produced by any other method whereby at least one polypeptide (i.e. valencene synthase), or a portion thereof, is linked, directly or indirectly via linker(s) to another polypeptide.

As used herein, recitation that a polypeptide “consists essentially” of a recited sequence of amino acids means that only the recited portion, or a fragment thereof, of the full-length polypeptide is present. The polypeptide optionally, and generally will, include additional amino acids from another source or can be inserted into another polypeptide.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a polypeptide, comprising “an amino acid replacement”includes polypeptides with one or a plurality of amino acid replacements.

As used herein, ranges and amounts can be expressed as “about” a particular value or range. About also includes the exact amount. Hence “about 5%” means “about 5%” and also “5%.”

As used herein, “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance does or does not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. For example, an optionally step of isolating valencene means that the valencene is isolated or is not isolated.

As used herein, the abbreviations for any protective groups, amino acids and other compounds, are, unless indicated otherwise, in accord with their common usage, recognized abbreviations, or the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (see, (1972) Biochem. 11:1726).

B. OVERVIEW

Provided herein are valencene synthases from Eryngium glaciale, and variants and catalytically active fragments thereof, that catalyze production of terpenes from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor. The terpenes include valencene and optionally other sesquiterpenes. Such valencene synthases catalyze the biosynthetic production of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate precursor, such as farnesyl pyrophosphate. Also provided herein are methods for producing valencene and other sesquiterpenes from such precursor, such as, but not limited to, farnesyl pyrophosphate. Also provided herein are methods for making nootkatone from the resulting valencene and from the acyclic precursor, such as farnesyl pyrophosphate. The provided Eryngium glaciale valencene synthases (EgVSs) provide for production of valuable terpene products, including valencene, in commercially useful quantities and in a cost effective and energy efficient manner. In particular the EgVSs catalyze production of very high levels of valencene compared to other valencene synthases, including CVS.

1. Valencene Structure and Uses

Valencene (1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-7-isopropenyl-1,8a-dimethyl-naphthalene; (1) is a sesquiterpene found in citrus oils, such as orange and grapefruit. To date, valencene has been identified in various plants including citrus fruit (Citrus sp.), grapevine flowers (Vitis vinifera), celery (Apium graveolens), mango (Mangifera indica), olives (Olea europea) and coral. Valencene is used as an orange flavor/fragrance in perfumes, beverages and chewing gums, and is used as a starting material for the production of nootkatone.

Valencene is generated in plants by the terpene synthase valencene synthase, which catalyzes the reaction of the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) into valencene (see FIG. 1).

2. Nootkatone

Nootkatone (4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-6-isopropenyl-4,4-a-dimethyl-2(3H)-naphthalenone; (2), is a sesquiterpenoid found in grapefruit oil which provides the dominant grapefruit aroma. Typically, nootkatone is isolated by extraction from grapefruit. Nootkatone has also been identified in various other plants including, for example, Alaska yellow cedar trees (Cupressus nootkatensis), vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) and Alpinia oxyphylla Miguel.

Nootkatone is an oxidized product of valencene. Valencene can undergo regioselective hydroxylation to form 2-hydroxy valencene, which is further oxidized to form nootkatone (as described in further detail in Section E below). Nootkatone is valued for its grapefruit taste and aroma and is widely used in the perfumery and flavor industries. In addition, nootkatone has been shown to be an effective repellent and insecticide against ticks and mosquitoes.

3. Valencene Synthases

Valencene synthases are class 1 plant terpene cyclases, or terpene synthases, isoprenoid synthases or terpenoid cyclases, which convert farnesyl diphosphate into the sesquiterpene valencene. To date, valencene synthases have been isolated from citrus fruit, grapevine flowers and perilla (green shiso). Citrus valencene synthase (CVS) has been identified in the flavedo (outer peel) of Citrus sinensis (Sweet orange; Valencia orange) (SEQ ID NOS:14 and 34) and Citrus×paradisi (Grapefruit) (SEQ ID NOS:15, 26 and 27) (see, Chappell (2004) Trends Plant Sci., 9:266; Sharon-Asa et al., (2003) The Plant Journal 36:664-674; AF411120 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,273,735; 7,442,785; 7,790,426; and International PCT Appl. No. WO2005021705 and WO2003025193). A variant valencene synthase has been described containing amino acid replacements A517I/I518V (Eyal, E. Master's Thesis, Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; January, 2001; set forth in SEQ ID NO:37). A variety of modified citrus valencene synthases have been described in U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 2012-0246767. Valencene synthases also have been identified and isolated from grapevine flowers, including Vitis vinifera L. cv. Gewürztraminer and Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (see, Lucker et al., (2004) Phytochemistry 65(19):2649-2659 and Martin et al., (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA 106:7245-7250) (SEQ ID NOS:16 and 28). Valencene synthases also have been isolated from Chamaecyparis nootkatensis pendula (see e.g. International PCT Appl. Nos. WO2011074954 and WO2012177129; SEQ ID NOS: 17 and 29). The EgVS synthase provided herein is shown herein to catalyze production of high levels of valencene compared to other valencene synthases, including others whose sequences have been modified to produce increased levels of valencene.

a. Structure

Class 1 plant terpene cyclases include a diverse group of monomeric terpene synthases that share a common alpha helical architecture termed the class 1 terpenoid cyclase fold (see, e.g., Christianson, D. W., (2008) Curr Opin Chem Biol 12(2):141-150 and Bohlmann et al., (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:4126-4133). Although relatively little overall sequence similarity exists, class 1 plant terpene cyclases have homologous structures and some highly conserved motifs and/or residues. In its catalytic site, each terpene cyclase provides a template that binds the flexible isoprenoid substrate with an orientation and conformation such that upon cyclization, a specific intramolecular carbon-carbon bond is formed. Thus, the structure of each enzyme's catalytic site dictates the resulting cyclic monoterpenes, diterpenes and sesquiterpenes.

X-ray crystal structures of tobacco 5-epi-aristolochene synthase and pentalenene synthase revealed that class 1 plant terpene cyclases are composed of alpha helices interconnected by short connecting loops and turns (see, e.g., Starks et al., (1997) Science 277:1815-1820 and Lesburg et al., (1997) Science 277:1820-1824). These enzymes contain two distinct structural domains, an N-terminal domain, whose structure resembles catalytic cores of glycosyl hydrolysases but whose function remains largely unknown, and a C-terminal catalytic domain. The catalytic domain contains two conserved metal binding motifs, i.e., aspartate-rich regions, which are responsible for enzyme catalytic activity. The catalytic site contains a large central cavity formed by mostly antiparallel alpha helices with the two aspartate-rich regions located on opposite walls. The aspartate-rich regions mediate binding of substrate diphosphates via bridging Mg²⁺ ions. Subsequent binding of the substrate induces conformational changes such that the N-terminal region forms a cap over the catalytic core that closes the active site to solvent, thereby stabilizing the reactive carbocation intermediates.

Conserved alpha helices C, D, F, G and H make up the catalytic or active site of class 1 plant terpene synthases. The active site is a hydrophobic pocket lined by aromatic residues to accommodate the olefin chain of the substrate. The aromatic residues stabilize carbocation intermediates through π-cation interactions. An aspartate-rich region 1 is located on Helix D and is characterized by the conserved sequence DDxxD (SEQ ID NO:35), which also functions to bind Mg²⁺ (see, e.g., Starks et al., (1997), Science 277:1815-1820). A second conserved metal-binding region is located on Helix H and is characterized by the conserved sequence [N/D]xxx[S/T]xxxE (SEQ ID NO:36), also referred to as the “NSE/DTE motif.” These two conserved metal binding motifs coordinate the binding of three Mg²⁺ ions to the isoprenoid diphosphate.

Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase, provided herein, contains an N-terminal domain (aa 1-280 of SEQ ID NO:1) and a C-terminal catalytic domain (aa 281-565 of SEQ ID NO:1). Within the C-terminal catalytic domain is the conserved metal binding site that contains aspartate-rich regions 1 and 2. Based on alignment with known valencene synthases, such as citrus valencene synthase, aspartate-rich region 1, containing the conserved DDxxD motif, corresponds to amino acids D315, D316, T317, Y318 and D319 of SEQ ID NO:1. Asp315 and Asp319 bind the diphosphate moieties of FPP through coordination with Mg²⁺. The aspartate-rich region 2, containing the NSE/DTE motif, corresponds to amino acids D461, D462, I463, G464, G465, H466, E467, F468 and E469 of SEQ ID NO:1. This region binds an additional Mg²⁺ ion through amino acids Asp461, Gly465 and Glu469.

b. Activities Valencene synthase catalyzes the formation of valencene from acyclic pyrophosphate precursors, such as the ubiquitous pyrophosphate intermediate farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), which is produced as part of the mevalonate-dependent isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway in fungi and animals and the non-mevalonate-dependent isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway in bacteria and higher plants. Additional terpene products that can be produced by valencene synthase from acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursors such as, FPP include, but are not limited to, germacrene A, beta-elemene (beta-elemene is formed by spontaneous decomposition of germacrene A), β-selinene, τ-selinene,7-epi-α-selinene and an additional compound, aristolochene, (see, e.g., Peak 2 in FIG. 3).

In general, class 1 plant terpene cyclases, such as valencene synthase, are metal dependent cyclases that convert linear all-trans isoprenoid diphosphates, such as geranyl diphosphate, farnesyl diphosphate and geranyl-geranyl diphosphate, into cyclic monoterpenes, diterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Cyclization reactions proceed via electrophilic alkylation in which new carbon-carbon single bonds are formed through reaction of a highly reactive electron-deficient allylic carbocation and an electron-rich carbon-carbon double bond.

Terpene synthases contain divalent metal ions, typically Mg²⁺ ions or sometimes Mn²⁺, at the active center of the enzyme that are required for enzyme catalysis. More specifically, they are required for pyrophosphate departure. Generally, the enzymes contain two conserved metal binding motifs that line the catalytic site, including the aspartate-rich DDxxD motif (SEQ ID NO:35) that coordinates binding of two Mg²⁺ ions and the NSE/DTE motif (SEQ ID NO:36) that coordinates a third Mg²⁺ ion (see, Starks et al., (1997), Science 277:1815-1820 and Lesburg et al., (1997), Science 277:1820-1824). The aspartate-rich regions of the catalytic active site mediate binding of prenyl diphosphates via bridging Mg²⁺ ions. Binding of (Mg²⁺)₃-PP_(i) induces conformational changes such that the N-terminal region forms a cap over the catalytic core and therefore stabilizes the active site in a closed conformation that is free from bulk solvent. Loss of pyrophosphate (PP_(i)) from the enzyme-bound substrate results in a highly reactive allylic carbocation that electrophilically attacks an intramolecular double bond further down the terpene chain to effect ring closure. The PP_(i) anion accepts hydrogen bonds from conserved basic residues when bound in the closed synthase conformation and a hydrophobic pocket lined by aromatic residues cradles the prenyl side chain and likely templates the cyclization reaction by enforcing particular substrate conformations and stabilizing carbocations through it-stacking interactions (Noel et al., (2010) ACS Chemical Biology 5(4):377-392).

4. Assays for Detecting the Enzymatic Activity of Valencene Synthase Polypeptides

One of skill in the art is familiar with methods and assays to detect the enzymatic activity of valencene synthase polypeptides. Valencene synthase polypeptides can be overexpressed and purified as described in Section C below. Typically, the activity of a valencene synthase is determined by incubation of a valencene synthase with an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), and identifying, measuring and/or quantifying the valencene and other reaction products.

For example, valencene synthase activity can be determined in vitro by incubation of a valencene synthase with an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as FPP, and identifying the reaction products. Reaction products, including ratios of the products, can be determined by any method known to one of skill in the art, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), GC-FID, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), comparison to known standards, and proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

Alternatively, valencene synthase activity can be determined in vivo by expression of a valencene synthase in a yeast strain that produces an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as FPP, whereby expression of the valencene synthase results in production of valencene and additional compounds/reaction products or byproducts. The valencene and additional compounds can be purified from the cell culture medium, for example, by extraction with an organic solvent whereby the valencene and other products partition into the aqueous phase, as described in Example 4, and the reaction products can be identified and quantified as described above. Exemplary yeast cells for expression of valencene synthases and methods for generating modified yeast cells that produce an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor are described in further detail in Section E below.

The kinetics of valencene production can be determined by standard methods, such as by synthase assays in which radioactive isoprenoid substrates, such as ³H FPP or ¹⁴C FPP, are employed with varying concentrations of synthase. The products of the reaction are extracted into an organic layer and radioactivity is measured using a liquid scintillation counter. Kinetic constants are determined from direct fits of the Michaelis-Menton equation to the data.

C. NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES ENCODING ERYNGIUM GLACIALE VALENCENE SYNTHASE (EGVS) AND ENCODED POLYPEPTIDES

Provided herein are nucleic acid molecules that encode a valencene synthase polypeptide, including cDNA molecules. Also provided herein are valencene synthase polypeptides, and catalytically active fragments thereof, encoded by the nucleic acid molecules provided herein. The valencene synthases encoded by nucleic acid molecules provided herein catalyze the formation of valencene from any suitable acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, including farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) and geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). Of interest herein is the production of valencene from FPP. In some examples, the nucleic acid molecules provided herein that encode the valencene synthase polypeptides are those that are the same as those that are isolated from the thistle Eryngium glaciale. In other examples, the nucleic acid molecules and encoded valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein are variants of those isolated from the thistle Eryngium glaciale.

For example, provided herein is a nucleic acid molecule that has a sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, and degenerates thereof, that encode a valencene synthase polypeptide having a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules having at least 85% sequence identity to a sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 that encode a valencene synthase polypeptide. For example, the nucleic acid molecules provided herein can exhibit at least or about at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 95%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% or more sequence identity to a sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, so long as the encoded valencene synthase polypeptides exhibit valencene synthase activity (i.e., the ability to catalyze the formation of valencene). Percent identity can be determined by one skilled in the art using standard alignment programs. Also provided herein are degenerate sequences of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, encoding a valencene synthase having a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. In some examples, the nucleic acid molecules that encode the valencene synthase polypeptides are isolated from the thistle Eryngium glaciale. In other examples, the nucleic acid molecules and encoded valencene synthase polypeptides are variants of those isolated from the thistle Eryngium glaciale.

Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules that encode a modified valencene synthase polypeptide provided herein. The modifications can be made in any region of a gene encoding the valencene synthase provided the resulting encoded modified valencene synthase polypeptide at least retains valencene synthase activity (i.e. the ability to catalyze the formation of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, typically FPP). The modifications can include codon optimization of the nucleic acids and/or changes that result in a single amino acid modification in the encoded valencene synthase polypeptide, such as single amino acid replacements (substitutions), insertions or deletions, or multiple amino acid modifications, such as multiple amino acid replacements, insertions or deletions, including swaps of regions or domains of the polypeptide.

Expression of the nucleic acid molecules provided herein in a suitable host, for example, a bacterial or yeast cell, results in expression of valencene synthase. Such cells can be used to produce the valencene synthase and/or to perform reactions in vivo to produce valencene. For example, valencene can be generated in a yeast cell from FPP, particularly a yeast cell that overproduces the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor FPP.

In particular examples, the nucleic acid molecules provided herein can be codon optimized, for example, to increase expression levels of the encoded sequence. The particular codon usage is dependent on the host organism in which the modified polypeptide is expressed. One of skill in the art is familiar with optimal codons for expression in bacteria or yeast, including for example E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For example, codon usage information is available from the Codon Usage Database available at kazusa.or.jp.codon (see Richmond (2000) Genome Biology, 1:241 for a description of the database). See also, Forsburg (2004) Yeast, 10:1045-1047; Brown et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Research, 19:4298; Sharp et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Research, 12:8207-8211; Sharp et al. (1991) Yeast, 657-678. In some examples, the nucleic acid molecules provided herein encoding a valencene synthase polypeptide are codon optimized for expression in bacteria or yeast. In particular examples, the nucleic acid molecules provided herein encoding a valencene synthase are codon optimized for expression based on codon usage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Also provided herein are valencene synthase polypeptides encoded by any of the nucleic acid molecules provided herein. Valencene synthase polypeptides and active fragments thereof encoded by the nucleic acid molecules provided herein can be obtained by methods well known in the art for recombinant protein generation and expression. Such valencene synthase polypeptides can be used to produce valencene from a suitable acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as FPP, in the host cell from which the synthase is expressed, or in vitro following purification of the synthase. Any method known to those of skill in the art for identification of nucleic acids that encode desired genes can be used to obtain the nucleic acid encoding a terpene synthase, such as a valencene synthase. For example, nucleic acid encoding valencene synthase polypeptides can be obtained using well known methods from a plant source, such as thistle. Modified valencene polypeptides then can be engineered using any method known in the art for introducing mutations into unmodified or wild type valencene synthase polypeptides, including any method described herein, such as random mutagenesis of the encoding nucleic acid by error-prone PCR, site-directed mutagenesis, overlap PCR, or other recombinant methods. The nucleic acids encoding the polypeptides then can be introduced into a host cell to be expressed heterologously.

1. Isolation of Nucleic Acid Encoding Valencene Synthases

Nucleic acids encoding valencene synthases can be cloned or isolated using any available methods known in the art for cloning and isolating nucleic acid molecules. Such methods include PCR amplification of nucleic acids and screening of libraries, including nucleic acid hybridization screening. In some examples, methods for amplification of nucleic acids can be used to isolate nucleic acid molecules encoding a valencene synthase polypeptide, including for example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. A nucleic acid containing material can be used as a starting material from which a valencene synthase-encoding nucleic acid molecule can be isolated. Nucleic acid libraries can be used as a source of starting material. Primers are designed to amplify a valencene synthase-encoding molecule. The molecules provided herein can be used as templates for primers or hybridization or comparison.

To isolate the nucleic acid provided here, DNA and mRNA preparations from thistle (Eryngium sp.), in this instance Eryngium glaciale were prepared and screened with primers based on other valencene synthases were employed for screening. For example, primers were designed based on known nucleic acid sequences encoding a terpene synthase, such as a valencene synthase, germacrene D synthase and vetispiradiene (premnaspirodiene) synthase, including those whose sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOS:39-44. Nucleic acid molecules generated by amplification can be sequenced and those that encode a valencene synthase polypeptide identified.

Additional nucleotide sequences can be joined to a valencene synthase-encoding nucleic acid molecule, including linker sequences containing restriction endonuclease sites for the purpose of cloning the synthetic gene into a vector, for example, a protein expression vector or a vector designed for the amplification of the core protein coding DNA sequences. Furthermore, additional nucleotide sequences specifying functional DNA elements can be operatively linked to a valencene synthase-encoding nucleic acid molecule. Still further, nucleic acid encoding other moieties or domains also can be included so that the resulting synthase is a fusion protein. For example, nucleic acids encoding other enzymes, such as FPP synthase, or protein purification tags, such as His or Flag tags.

a. Preparation of Modified Nucleic Acid

Nucleic acid encoding a modified valencene synthase (described in further detail in Section D below) can be prepared or generated using any method known in the art to effect modification, particularly amino acid insertions, deletions and replacements. Methods for modification of nucleic acid molecules include standard rational and/or random mutagenesis of encoding nucleic acid molecules (using e.g., error prone PCR, random site-directed saturation mutagenesis, DNA shuffling or rational site-directed mutagenesis, such as, for example, mutagenesis kits (e.g. QuikChange available from Stratagene), or solid phase synthesis methods). In addition, routine recombinant DNA techniques can be utilized to generate nucleic acids encoding polypeptides that contain heterologous amino acids. For example, nucleic acid encoding chimeric polypeptides or polypeptides containing heterologous amino acid sequence can be generated using a two-step PCR method, and/or using restriction enzymes and cloning methodologies for routine subcloning of the desired chimeric polypeptide components.

Once generated, the nucleic acid molecules can be expressed in cells to generate modified valencene synthase polypeptides using any method known in the art. The modified valencene synthase polypeptides then can be assessed by screening for a desired property or activity, for example, for the ability to produce a valencene from a suitable substrate, e.g., FPP, as described in Section E. In particular examples, modified valencene synthases with desired properties are generated by mutation and screened for a property in accord with the examples exemplified herein. Typically, the modified valencene synthase polypeptides produce valencene from FPP.

2. Vectors and Cells for Expression of Valencene Synthase Polypeptides

For recombinant expression of one or more of the valencene synthase polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acids provided herein, the nucleic acid containing all or a portion of the nucleotide sequence encoding the synthase can be inserted into an appropriate expression vector, i.e., a vector that contains the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the inserted protein coding sequence. Depending upon the expression system used, the necessary transcriptional and translational signals also can be supplied by the native promoter for a valencene synthase gene, and/or their flanking regions. Thus, also provided herein are vectors that contain nucleic acid encoding any valencene synthase polypeptide provided herein. Exemplary vectors include pALX.63-71 set forth in SEQ ID NO:33 and described in Example 4 below.

Cells, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, containing the vectors also are provided. Such cells include bacterial cells, yeast cells, fungal cells, Archea, plant cells, insect cells and animal cells. In particular examples, the cells are yeast, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, that express an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as FPP. The cells are used to produce a valencene synthase, by growing the above-described cells under conditions whereby the encoded valencene synthase is expressed by the cell. In some instances, the expressed synthase is purified. In other instances, the expressed valencene synthase converts FPP to one or more sesquiterpenes (e.g. valencene) in the host cell.

Any method known to those of skill in the art for the insertion of DNA fragments into a vector can be used to construct expression vectors containing a chimeric gene containing appropriate transcriptional/translational control signals and protein coding sequences. These methods can include in vitro recombinant DNA and synthetic techniques and in vivo recombinants (genetic recombination). Expression of nucleic acid sequences encoding a valencene synthase polypeptide, or domains, derivatives, fragments or homologs thereof, can be regulated by a second nucleic acid sequence so that the genes or fragments thereof are expressed in a host transformed with the recombinant DNA molecule(s). For example, expression of the proteins can be controlled by any promoter/enhancer known in the art. In a specific embodiment, the promoter is not native to the genes encoding a valencene synthase protein. Promoters that can be used include but are not limited to prokaryotic, yeast, mammalian and plant promoters. The type of promoter depends upon the expression system used, described in more detail below.

In a specific embodiment, a vector is used that contains a promoter operably linked to nucleic acids encoding a valencene synthase polypeptide, or a domain, fragment, derivative or homolog thereof, one or more origins of replication, and optionally, one or more selectable markers (e.g., an antibiotic resistance gene). Vectors and systems for expression of valencene synthase polypeptides are described.

3. Expression Systems

Valencene synthase polypeptides (modified and unmodified) can be produced by any methods known in the art for protein production including in vitro and in vivo methods such as, for example, the introduction of nucleic acid molecules encoding the valencene synthase into a host cell or host plant for in vivo production or expression from nucleic acid molecules encoding the valencene synthase in vitro. Valencene synthase polypeptides can be expressed in any organism suitable to produce the required amounts and forms of a synthase polypeptide. Expression hosts include prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms such as E. coli, yeast, plants, insect cells, mammalian cells, including human cell lines and transgenic animals. Expression hosts can differ in their protein production levels as well as the types of post-translational modifications that are present on the expressed proteins. The choice of expression host can be made based on these and other factors, such as regulatory and safety considerations, production costs and the need and methods for purification.

Expression in eukaryotic hosts can include expression in yeast cells such as those from the Saccharomyces genus (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Pichia genus (e.g. Pichia pastoris), insect cells such as Drosophila cells and lepidopteran cells, plants and plant cells such as citrus, tobacco, corn, rice, algae, and lemna. Eukaryotic cells for expression also include mammalian cells lines such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells or baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Eukaryotic expression hosts also include production in transgenic animals, for example, including production in serum, milk and eggs.

Many expression vectors are available and known to those of skill in the art for the expression of a terpene synthase, such as valencene synthase. An exemplary expression vector is pALX31-108.2, set forth in SEQ ID NO:32, and described elsewhere herein. The choice of expression vector is influenced by the choice of host expression system. Such selection is well within the level of skill of the skilled artisan. In general, expression vectors can include transcriptional promoters and optionally enhancers, translational signals, and transcriptional and translational termination signals. Expression vectors that are used for stable transformation typically have a selectable marker which allows for selection and maintenance of the transformed cells. In some cases, an origin of replication can be used to amplify the copy number of the vectors in the cells.

Methods of production of terpene synthase polypeptides, including valencene synthase polypeptides, can include co-expression of an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as FPP, in the host cell. In some instances, the host cell naturally expresses FPP. Such a cell can be modified to express greater quantities of FPP (see e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303, 6,689,593, 7,838,279 and 7,842,497). In other instances, a host cell that does not naturally produce FPP is modified genetically to produce FPP.

a. Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes, especially E. coli, provide a system for producing large amounts of valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein. Transformation of E. coli is a simple and rapid technique well known to those of skill in the art. Exemplary expression vectors for transformation of E. coli cells include, for example, the pGEM expression vectors, the pQE expression vectors, and the pET expression vectors (see, U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,496; available from Novagen, Madison, Wis.; see, also literature published by Novagen describing the system). Such plasmids include pET 11a, which contains the T7lac promoter, T7 terminator, the inducible E. coli lac operator, and the lac repressor gene; pET 12a-c, which contains the T7 promoter, T7 terminator, and the E. coli ompT secretion signal; and pET 15b and pET19b (Novagen, Madison, Wis.), which contain a His-Tag™ leader sequence for use in purification with a Ni column and a thrombin cleavage site that permits cleavage following purification over the column, the T7-lac promoter region and the T7 terminator.

Expression vectors for E. coli can contain inducible promoters that are useful for inducing high levels of protein expression and for expressing proteins that exhibit some toxicity to the host cells. Exemplary prokaryotic promoters include, for example, the β-lactamase promoter (Jay et al., (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:5543) and the tac promoter (DeBoer et al., (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:21-25); see also “Useful Proteins from Recombinant Bacteria”: in Scientific American 242:74-94 (1980)). Examples of inducible promoters include the lac promoter, the trp promoter, the hybrid tac promoter, the T7 and SP6 RNA promoters and the temperature regulated λP_(L) promoter.

Valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein can be expressed in the cytoplasmic environment of E. coli. The cytoplasm is a reducing environment and for some molecules, this can result in the formation of insoluble inclusion bodies. Reducing agents such as dithiothreitol and β-mercaptoethanol and denaturants (e.g., such as guanidine-HCl and urea) can be used to resolubilize the proteins. An alternative approach is the expression of valencene synthases in the periplasmic space of bacteria which provides an oxidizing environment and chaperonin-like and disulfide isomerases leading to the production of soluble protein. Typically, a leader sequence is fused to the protein to be expressed which directs the protein to the periplasm. The leader is then removed by signal peptidases inside the periplasm. Examples of periplasmic-targeting leader sequences include the pelB leader from the pectate lyase gene and the leader derived from the alkaline phosphatase gene. In some cases, periplasmic expression allows leakage of the expressed protein into the culture medium. The secretion of proteins allows quick and simple purification from the culture supernatant. Proteins that are not secreted can be obtained from the periplasm by osmotic lysis. Similar to cytoplasmic expression, in some cases proteins can become insoluble and denaturants and reducing agents can be used to facilitate solubilization and refolding. Temperature of induction and growth also can influence expression levels and solubility. Typically, temperatures between 25° C. and 37° C. are used. Mutations also can be used to increase solubility of expressed proteins. Typically, bacteria produce aglycosylated proteins.

b. Yeast Cells

Yeast systems, such as, but not limited to, those from the Saccharomyces genus (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Yarrowia lipolytica, Kluyveromyces lactis, and Pichia pastoris can be used to express the valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein. Yeast expression systems also can be used to produce terpenes, e.g., valencene, whose reactions are catalyzed by the synthases (e.g., valencene synthases). Yeast can be transformed with episomal replicating vectors or by stable chromosomal integration by homologous recombination. In some examples, inducible promoters are used to regulate gene expression. Exemplary promoter sequences for expression of valencene synthase polypeptides in yeast include, among others, promoters for metallothionine, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (Hitzeman et al. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255:2073), or other glycolytic enzymes (Hess et al. (1968) J. Adv. Enzyme Reg. 7:149; and Holland et al. (1978) Biochem. 17:4900), such as enolase, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, glucose phosphate isomerase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and glucokinase.

Other suitable vectors and promoters for use in yeast expression are further described in Hitzeman, EPA-73,657 or in Fleer et al. (1991) Gene, 107:285-195; and van den Berg et al. (1990) Bio/Technology, 8:135-139. Another alternative includes, but is not limited to, the glucose-repressible ADH2 promoter described by Russell et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 258:2674, 1982) and Beier et al. (Nature 300:724, 1982), or a modified ADH1 promoter. Shuttle vectors replicable in yeast and E. coli can be constructed by, for example, inserting DNA sequences from pBR322 for selection and replication in E. coli (Amp^(r) gene and origin of replication) into the above-described yeast vectors.

Yeast expression vectors can include a selectable marker such as LEU2, TRP1, HIS3, and URA3 for selection and maintenance of the transformed DNA. Exemplary vectors include pALX31-108.2, described elsewhere herein, that contains a URA3 marker. Proteins expressed in yeast are often soluble and co-expression with chaperonins, such as Bip and protein disulfide isomerase, can improve expression levels and solubility. Additionally, proteins expressed in yeast can be directed for secretion using secretion signal peptide fusions such as the yeast mating type alpha-factor secretion signal from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fusions with yeast cell surface proteins such as the Aga2p mating adhesion receptor or the Arxula adeninivorans glucoamylase. A protease cleavage site (e.g., the Kex-2 protease) can be engineered to remove the fused sequences from the polypeptides as they exit the secretion pathway.

Yeast naturally expresses the required proteins, including FPP synthase (ERG20 gene; which can produce FPP) for the mevalonate-dependent isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. Thus, expression of the terpene synthases, including valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein, in yeast cells can result in the production of sesquiterpenes, such as valencene from FPP. Exemplary yeast cells for the expression of valencene synthase polypeptides include yeast modified to express increased levels of FPP. For example, yeast cells can be modified to produce less squalene synthase or less active squalene synthase (e.g. erg9 mutants; see e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303 and 6,689,593 and U.S. Pat. Pub. Nos. 2010-0151519 and 2010-0151555). This results in accumulation of FPP in the host cell at higher levels compared to wild type yeast cells, which in turn can result in increased yields of sesquiterpenes (e.g. valencene).

In another example, yeast cells can be modified to produce more FPP synthase by introduction of a FPP synthase gene, such as FPPS from A. annua (see, e.g., Brodelius et al. (2002) Eur. J. Biochem. 269:3570-3579), FPP from N. crassa, and FPS1 and FPS2 from A. thaliana. In some examples, the native FPP gene in such yeast can be deleted. Other modifications that enable increased production of FPP in yeast include, for example, but are not limited to, modifications that increase production of acetyl CoA, inactivate genes that encode enzymes that use FPP and GPP as substrate and overexpress of HMG-CoA reductases, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,842,497. Exemplary modified yeast cells include, but are not limited to, modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains CALI5-1 (ura3, leu2, his3, trp1, Δerg9::HIS3, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue), ALX7-95 (ura3, his3, trp1, Δerg9::HIS3, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1 sue), ALX11-30 (ura3, trp1, erg9^(def)25, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue), which are known and described in one or more of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303, 6,689,593, 7,838,279, 7,842,497, and published U.S. Pat. Application Nos. 2004-0249219 and 2011-0189717.

c. Plants and Plant Cells

Transgenic plant cells and plants can be used for the expression of valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein. Expression constructs are typically transferred to plants using direct DNA transfer such as microprojectile bombardment and PEG-mediated transfer into protoplasts, and with agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Expression vectors can include promoter and enhancer sequences, transcriptional termination elements, and translational control elements. Expression vectors and transformation techniques are usually divided between dicot hosts, such as Arabidopsis and tobacco, and monocot hosts, such as corn and rice. Examples of plant promoters used for expression include the cauliflower mosaic virus promoter, the nopaline synthase promoter, the ribose bisphosphate carboxylase promoter and the ubiquitin and UBQ3 promoters. Selectable markers such as hygromycin, phosphomannose isomerase and neomycin phosphotransferase are often used to facilitate selection and maintenance of transformed cells. Transformed plant cells can be maintained in culture as cells, aggregates (callus tissue) or regenerated into whole plants. Transgenic plant cells also can include algae engineered to produce proteins (see, for example, Mayfield et al. (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:438-442). Transformed plants include, for example, plants selected from the genera Nicotiana, Solanum, Sorghum, Arabidopsis, Medicago (alfalfa), Gossypium (cotton) and Brassica (rape). In some examples, the plant belongs to the species of Nicotiana tabacum, and is transformed with vectors that overexpress valencene synthase and farnesyl diphosphate synthase, such as described in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2009-0123984 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,906,710.

d. Insects and Insect Cells

Insects and insect cells, particularly a baculovirus expression system, can be used for expressing valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein (see, for example, Muneta et al. (2003) J. Vet. Med. Sci. 65(2):219-223). Insect cells and insect larvae; including expression in the haemolymph, express high levels of protein and are capable of most of the post-translational modifications used by higher eukaryotes. Baculoviruses have a restrictive host range which improves the safety and reduces regulatory concerns of eukaryotic expression. Typically, expression vectors use a promoter such as the polyhedrin promoter of baculovirus for high level expression. Commonly used baculovirus systems include baculoviruses such as Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), and the Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) and an insect cell line such as Sf9 derived from Spodoptera frugiperda, Pseudaletia unipuncta (A7S) and Danaus plexippus (DpN1). For high level expression, the nucleotide sequence of the molecule to be expressed is fused immediately downstream of the polyhedrin initiation codon of the virus. Mammalian secretion signals are accurately processed in insect cells and can be used to secrete the expressed protein into the culture medium. In addition, the cell lines Pseudaletia unipuncta (A7S) and Danaus plexippus (DpN1) produce proteins with glycosylation patterns similar to mammalian cell systems.

An alternative expression system in insect cells is the use of stably transformed cells. Cell lines such as the Schnieder 2 (S2) and Kc cells (Drosophila melanogaster) and C7 cells (Aedes albopictus) can be used for expression. The Drosophila metallothionein promoter can be used to induce high levels of expression in the presence of heavy metal induction with cadmium or copper. Expression vectors are typically maintained by the use of selectable markers such as neomycin and hygromycin.

e. Mammalian Cells

Mammalian expression systems can be used to express valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein and also can be used to produce valencene and other terpenes whose formation are catalyzed by the valencene synthases. Expression constructs can be transferred to mammalian cells by standard methods, including, but not limited to, viral infection such as adenovirus or by direct DNA transfer such as liposomes, calcium phosphate, DEAE-dextran and by physical means such as electroporation and microinjection. Expression vectors for mammalian cells typically include an mRNA cap site, a TATA box, a translational initiation sequence (Kozak consensus sequence) and polyadenylation elements. Such vectors often include transcriptional promoter-enhancers for high level expression, for example the SV40 promoter-enhancer, the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, or the long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter. These promoter-enhancers are active in many cell types. Tissue and cell-type promoters and enhancer regions also can be used for expression. Exemplary promoter/enhancer regions include, but are not limited to, those from genes such as elastase I, insulin, immunoglobulin, mouse mammary tumor virus, albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, beta-globin, myelin basic protein, myosin light chain-2 and gonadotropic releasing hormone gene control. Selectable markers can be used to select for and maintain cells with the expression construct. Examples of selectable marker genes include, but are not limited to, hygromycin B phosphotransferase, adenosine deaminase, xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, dihydrofolate reductase and thymidine kinase. Fusion with cell surface signaling molecules such as TCR-ζ and Fc_(ε)RI-γ can direct expression of the proteins in an active state on the cell surface.

Many cell lines are available for mammalian expression including mouse, rat human, monkey, and chicken and hamster cells. Exemplary cell lines include, but are not limited to, BHK (i.e. BHK-21 cells), 293-F, CHO, CHO Express (CHOX; Excellgene), Balb/3T3, HeLa, MT2, mouse NS0 (non-secreting) and other myeloma cell lines, hybridoma and heterohybridoma cell lines, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, Sp2/0, COS, NIH3T3, HEK293, 293S, 293T, 2B8, and HKB cells. Cell lines also are available adapted to serum-free media which facilitates purification of secreted proteins from the cell culture media. One such example is the serum free EBNA-1 cell line (Pham et al. (2003) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 84:332-42).

4. Purification

Methods for purification of valencene synthase polypeptides from host cells depend on the chosen host cells and expression systems. For secreted molecules, proteins are generally purified from the culture media after removing the cells. For intracellular expression, cells can be lysed and the proteins purified from the extract. When transgenic organisms such as transgenic plants and animals are used for expression, tissues or organs can be used as starting material to make a lysed cell extract. Additionally, transgenic animal production can include the production of polypeptides in milk or eggs, which can be collected, and if necessary the proteins can be extracted and further purified using standard methods in the art.

Valencene synthases can be purified using standard protein purification techniques known in the art including but not limited to, SDS-PAGE, size fraction and size exclusion chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation, chelate chromatography and ionic exchange chromatography. Expression constructs also can be engineered to add an affinity tag such as a myc epitope, GST fusion or His₆ and affinity purified with myc antibody, glutathione resin, and Ni-resin, respectively, to a protein. Purity can be assessed by any method known in the art including gel electrophoresis and staining and spectrophotometric techniques.

D. VALENCENE SYNTHASE POLYPEPTIDES

Provided herein are valencene synthase polypeptides. In some examples, the valencene synthase polypeptides are encoded by nucleic acids isolated from the thistle Eryngium glaciale. In other examples, the valencene synthase polypeptides are variants or catalytically active fragments of those encoded by nucleic acids isolated from the thistle Eryngium glaciale. The valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein catalyze the formation of valencene from a suitable precursor, such as an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, e.g., farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP).

Also provided herein are modified valencene synthase polypeptides. Modifications contemplated herein include, for example, amino acid replacements or substitutions, additions or deletions, truncations or combinations thereof. The modifications can be made in any region of a valencene synthase provided the resulting modified valencene synthase polypeptide at least retains valencene synthase activity (i.e. the ability to catalyze the formation of valencene synthase from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, typically FPP). The valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein can contain other modifications, for example, modifications not in the primary sequence of the polypeptide, including, for example, post-translational modifications.

Also provided herein are catalytically active fragments of the valencene synthase polypeptides. For example, provided herein are active fragments of the valencene synthase polypeptide having a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. The active fragments retain the ability to catalyze the formation of valencene from the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). In particular examples the valencene synthase polypeptides are truncated at the N- or C-terminus as described in further detail below. In some examples, the active fragments of valencene synthase polypeptides are modified as described herein. Such fragments retain one or more properties of a full-length valencene synthase polypeptide. Typically, the active fragments exhibit valencene synthase activity (i.e., catalyze the formation of valencene).

Valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein can be generated by any method known to one of skill in the art. In some examples, the valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein are produced synthetically, such as using sold phase or solution phase peptide synthesis. Typically, the valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein are expressed in a host cell from a nucleic encoding the valencene synthase polypeptide, as described in Section C above. An exemplary host cell for the expression of a valencene synthase polypeptide is a yeast cell, e.g., a S. cerevisiae cell.

The valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein can be used catalyze production of valencene. Typically, the valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein catalyze the formation of valencene from FPP. Reactions can be performed in vivo, such as in a host cell into which a nucleic acid encoding the valencene synthase polypeptide has been introduced (as described in Section C above). At least one of the polypeptides, e.g., the valencene synthase polypeptide, will be heterologous to the host. Reactions also can be performed in vitro by contacting with valencene synthase polypeptide with the appropriate substrate, e.g., farnesyl diphosphate, under appropriate conditions for generation of valencene.

1. Eryngium glaciale Valencene Synthase Polypeptides

Provided herein is a valencene synthase polypeptide having a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Also provided herein are valencene synthase polypeptides that exhibit at least 50% amino acid sequence identity to a valencene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. For example, the valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein can exhibit at least or at least about 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% amino acid sequence identity to a valencene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, provided the resulting valencene synthase polypeptide at least retains valencene synthase activity (i.e. the ability to catalyze the formation of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, typically FPP). Percent identity can be determined by one skilled in the art using standard alignment programs.

2. Modifications of Eryngium glaciale Valencene Synthase Polypeptides

Provided herein are modified Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase polypeptides. Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules that encode any of the modified valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein. The modifications can be made in any region of a valencene synthase provided the resulting modified valencene synthase polypeptide at least retains valencene synthase activity (i.e., the ability to catalyze the formation of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, typically FPP).

The modifications can be a single amino acid modification, such as single amino acid replacements (substitutions), insertions or deletions, or multiple amino acid modifications, such as multiple amino acid replacements, insertions or deletions. In some examples, entire or partial domains or regions, such as any domain or region described herein below, are exchanged with corresponding domains or regions or portions thereof from another terpene synthase. Exemplary modifications are amino acid replacements, including single or multiple amino acid replacements. Typically, the modification is an amino acid replacement, which can be a conservative substitution, such as set forth in Table 2, or a non-conservative substitution. For example, modified valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein can contain at least or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120 or more modified positions compared to the valencene synthase polypeptide not containing the modification.

The modifications described herein can be in any valencene synthase polypeptide. Typically, the modifications are made in a valencene synthase polypeptide provided herein. For example, the modifications described herein can be in a valencene synthase polypeptide as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or any variant thereof, including any that have at least 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a valencene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

In particular, the modified valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein contain amino acid replacements or substitutions, additions or deletions, truncations or combinations thereof with reference to the valencene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. It is within the level of one of skill in the art to make such modifications in valencene synthase polypeptides, such as any set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or any variant thereof. Exemplary methods for generating modified valencene synthase polypeptides are provided in Section C.1.a. above. It is within the level of one of skill in the art to generate a valencene synthase containing any one or more of the described mutations, and test each for valencene synthase activity as described herein.

Also, in some examples, provided herein are modified active fragments of valencene synthase polypeptides that contain any of the modifications provided herein. Such fragments retain one or more properties of a valencene synthase. Typically, the modified active fragments exhibit valencene synthase activity (i.e. the ability to catalyze the formation of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, e.g., FPP).

Modifications in a valencene synthase polypeptide also can be made to a valencene polypeptide that also contains other modifications, including modifications of the primary sequence and modifications not in the primary sequence of the polypeptide. For example, modification described herein can be in a valencene synthase polypeptide that is a fusion polypeptide or chimeric polypeptide, including hybrids of different valencene synthase polypeptides or different terpene synthase polypeptides (e.g. contain one or more domains or regions from another terpene synthase) and also synthetic valencene synthase polypeptides prepared recombinantly or synthesized or constructed by other methods known in the art based upon the sequence of known polypeptides.

To retain valencene synthase activity, modifications typically are not made at those positions that are necessary for valencene synthase activity, i.e., in the active site DDxxD (SEQ ID NO:35) motif or NSE/DTE motif (SEQ ID NO:36). For example, generally modifications are not made at a position corresponding to position D315, D316 or D319 or at a position corresponding to position D461, G465 or E469, with reference to a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

The modified valencene synthase polypeptides can contain one or more amino acid substitutions, in any combination, with or without additional modifications. Generally, multiple modifications provided herein can be combined by one of skill in the art so long as the modified polypeptide retains the ability to catalyze the formation of valencene and/or other terpenes from any suitable acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, including, but not limited to, FPP, GPP and GGPP. Typically, the modified valencene polypeptides catalyze the formation of valencene from FPP. In some examples, the resulting modified valencene synthase polypeptide exhibits similar or increased valencene production from FPP compared to the unmodified valencene synthase polypeptide. In some instances, the resulting modified valencene synthase polypeptide exhibits decreased valencene production from FPP compared to the unmodified valencene synthase polypeptide.

Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules that encode any of the modified valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein. In particular examples, the nucleic acid sequence can be codon optimized, for example, to increase expression levels of the encoded sequence. In one example, nucleic acid sequences encoding modified valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein are codon optimized based on codon usage in S. cerevisiae.

The modified polypeptides and encoding nucleic acid molecules provided herein can be produced by standard recombinant DNA techniques known to one of skill in the art. Any method known in the art to effect mutation of any one or more amino acids in a target protein can be employed. Exemplary methods are provided in Section C above. In some examples, the modified valencene synthase polypeptides are produced synthetically, such as using solid phase or solutions phase peptide synthesis.

a. Truncated Polypeptides

Also provided herein are truncated valencene synthase polypeptides. The truncated valencene synthase polypeptides can be truncated at the N-terminus or the C-terminus, so long as the truncated valencene synthase polypeptides retain catalytic activity of a valencene synthase. Typically, the truncated valencene synthase polypeptides exhibit valencene synthase activity (i.e. the ability to catalyze the formation of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as FPP). In some examples, the valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein are truncated at the N-terminus. In other examples, the valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein are truncated at the C-terminus. In yet other examples, the valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein are truncated at the N-terminus and C-terminus.

In some examples, the valencene synthase polypeptides are truncated at the N-terminus, C-terminus or both termini of a valencene synthase polypeptide provided herein, such as truncation of a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. In other examples, any of the modified valencene synthases provided herein are truncated. In some examples, the valencene synthase polypeptides are truncated at their N-terminus. For example, any valencene synthase polypeptide provided herein can be truncated by at or about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 or more amino acid residues at the N-terminus, provided the valencene synthase polypeptide retains valencene synthase activity.

In other examples, any valencene synthase polypeptide provided herein can be truncated by at or about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74,75 or more amino acid residues at the C-terminus, provided the valencene synthase polypeptide retains valencene synthase activity.

b. Polypeptides with Altered Activities or Properties

The modified valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein can also exhibit changes in activities and/or properties. The modified valencene synthase can exhibit, for example, increased catalytic activity, increased substrate (e.g. FPP) binding, increased stability, increased expression in a host cell and/or altered product distribution (i.e. altered relative amounts and/or types of terpenes) compared to a wild-type valencene synthase polypeptide. Such altered activities and properties can result in increased valencene production from farnesyl pyrophosphate. Typically, the product distribution of terpenes produced by a wild-type valencene synthase includes valencene, as well as a number of other terpene products (e.g., terpene byproduct or products derived therefrom) including, for example, β-selinene, r-selinene, eremophilone, 7-epi-α-selinene, germacrene A, β-elemene and aristolochene (peak 2 in FIG. 3A).

In some examples, the modified valencene synthase polypeptides can catalyze the formation of other terpenes than valencene from any suitable substrate, such as, for example, FPP, GPP or GGPP. For example, the modified valencene synthases can produce one or more monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes or diterpenes other than valencene. Typically, the modified valencene synthase polypeptides produce more valencene than any other terpene. This can result in increased production of nootkatone. Modifications that result in increased production of valencene from FPP can be identified using the assays described herein and well known in the art, thus allowing for identification of modified valencene synthase polypeptides with improved ability to produce valencene from FPP.

c. Domain Swaps

Provided herein are modified valencene synthase polypeptides that are chimeric polypeptides containing a swap (deletion and insertion) by deletion of amino acid residues of one of more domains or regions therein or portions thereof and insertion of a heterologous sequence of amino acids. In some examples, the heterologous sequence is a randomized sequence of amino acids. In other examples, the heterologous sequence is a contiguous sequence of amino acids for the corresponding domain or region or portion thereof from another terpene synthase polypeptide. The heterologous sequence that is replaced or inserted generally includes at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, or more amino acids. In examples where the heterologous sequence is from a corresponding domain or a portion thereof of another terpene synthase, the heterologous sequence generally includes at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more contiguous amino acids of the corresponding domain or region or portion. In such an example, adjacent residues to the heterologous corresponding domain or region or portion thereof also can be included in a modified valencene synthase polypeptide provided herein.

In one example of swap mutants provided herein, at least one domain or region or portion thereof of a valencene synthase polypeptide is replaced with a contiguous sequence of amino acids for the corresponding domain or region or portions thereof from another terpene synthase polypeptide. In some examples, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more domains or regions or portions thereof are replaced with a contiguous sequence of amino acids for the corresponding domain or region or portions thereof from another terpene synthase polypeptide.

Any domain or region or portion thereof of a valencene synthase polypeptide can be replaced with a heterologous sequence of amino acids, such as a heterologous sequence from the corresponding domain or region from another terpene. A domain or region can be a structural domain or a functional domain. One of skill in the art is familiar with domains or regions in terpene synthases. Functional domains include, for example, the N-terminal domain and the C-terminal catalytic domain or a portion thereof. A structural domain can include all or a portion of a loop, unstructured loop or alpha helical domain.

One of skill in the art is familiar with various terpene synthases and can identify corresponding domains or regions or portions of amino acids thereof. For example, exemplary domains and regions of citrus valencene synthase are described in U.S. Pat. App. No. 2012-0246767. Exemplary terpene synthases include, for example, sesquiterpene synthases. In particular examples herein, modified valencene synthase polypeptide domain swap mutants provided herein contain heterologous sequences from a corresponding domain or region or portion thereof of a terpene synthase polypeptide that is a Citrus sp. valencene synthase (SEQ ID NOS:14-15, 26-27, 34 or 37), V. vinifera valencene synthase (SEQ ID NOS:16 or 28), P. frutescens valencene synthase (SEQ ID NO:38) or a C. nootkatensis valencene synthase (SEQ ID NOS:17 or 29).

Typically, the resulting modified valencene synthase exhibits valencene synthase activity and the ability to produce valencene from FPP. For example, the modified valencene synthase polypeptides exhibit 50% to 5000%, such as 50% to 120%, 100% to 500% or 110% to 250% of the valencene production from FPP compared to the valencene synthase polypeptide not containing the modification (e.g. the amino acid replacement or swap of amino acid residues of a domain or region) and/or compared to wild type valencene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Typically, the modified valencene synthase polypeptides exhibit increased valencene production from FPP compared to the valencene synthase polypeptide not containing the modification, such as compared to wild type valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

For example, the modified valencene synthase polypeptides can produce valencene from FPP in an amount that is at least or about 101%, 102%, 103%, 104%, 105%, 106%, 107%, 108%, 109%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400%, 500%, 1500%, 2000%, 3000%, 4000%, 5000% of the amount of valencene produced from FPP by wild type valencene synthase not containing the modification under the same conditions. For example, the valencene production is increased at least 1.2-fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 11-fold, 12-fold, 13-fold, 14-fold, 15-fold, 16-fold, 17-fold, 18-fold, 19-fold, 20-fold or more.

In other examples, the modified valencene synthase polypeptides exhibit decreased valencene production from FPP compared to the valencene synthase polypeptide not containing the modification, such as compared to wild type valencene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. For example, the modified valencene synthase polypeptides can produce valencene from FPP in an amount that is at most or about 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 91%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or less of the amount of valencene produced from FPP by wild type valencene synthase not containing the modification under the same conditions. For example, the valencene production is decreased such that the FPP production by a wild type valencene synthase not containing the modification under the same conditions is at least 1.2-fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 11-fold, 12-fold, 13-fold, 14-fold, 15-fold, 16-fold, 17-fold, 18-fold, 19-fold, 20-fold, or more, greater than the amount of valencene produced from FPP by the modified valencene synthase polypeptide.

Any methods known in the art for generating chimeric polypeptides can be used to replace all or a contiguous portion of a domain or a first terpene synthase with all or a contiguous portion of the corresponding domain of a second synthase (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,824,774, 6,072,045, 7,186,891 and 8,106,260, and U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011-0081703). Also, gene shuffling methods can be employed to generate chimeric polypeptides and/or polypeptides with domain or region swaps.

For example, corresponding domains or regions of any two terpene synthases can be exchanged using any suitable recombinant method known in the art, or by in vitro synthesis. An example of a recombinant method is a two stage overlapping PCR method, such as described herein. In such methods, primers that introduce mutations at a plurality of codon positions in the nucleic acids encoding the targeted domain or portion thereof in the first terpene synthase can be employed, wherein the mutations together form the heterologous region (i.e. the corresponding region from the second terpene synthase). Alternatively, for example, randomized amino acids can be used to replace specific domains or regions. It is understood that primer errors, PCR errors and/or other errors in the cloning or recombinant methods can result in errors such that the resulting swapped or replaced region or domain does not exhibit an amino acid sequence that is identical to the corresponding region from the second terpene synthase.

In an exemplary PCR-based method, the first stage PCR uses (i) a downstream primer that anneals downstream of the region that is being replaced with a mutagenic primer that includes approximately fifteen nucleotides (or an effective number to effect annealing, such as 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 25 nucleotides or more) of homologous sequence on each side of the domain or region to be exchanged or randomized flanking the region to be imported into the target gene, and (ii) an upstream primer that anneals upstream of the region that is being replaced together with an opposite strand mutagenic primer that also includes approximately fifteen nucleotides (or an effective number to effect annealing, such as 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 25 nucleotides or more) of homologous sequence on each side of the domain or region to be exchanged or randomized flanking the region to be imported into the target gene. If a replacement in which a domain or region of a first terpene synthase gene is replaced with the corresponding domain or region from a second terpene synthase is being performed, nucleotides in the mutagenic primers between the flanking regions from the first terpene synthase contain codons for the corresponding region of the second terpene synthase. In instances where the amino acids in a domain or region are to be randomized, nucleotides of the mutagenic primers between the flanking regions from the first terpene synthase contain random nucleotides. An overlapping PCR is then performed to join the two fragments, using the upstream and downstream oligo. The resulting PCR product then can be cloned into any suitable vector for expression of the modified terpene synthase.

Further, any of the modified valencene synthase polypeptides containing swap mutations herein can contain one or more further amino acid replacements.

d. Additional Variants

Valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein can be modified by any method known to one of skill in the art for generating protein variants, including, but not limited to, DNA or gene shuffling, error prone PCR, overlap PCR or other recombinant methods. In one example, nucleic acid molecules encoding any valencene synthase polypeptide or variant valencene synthase polypeptide provided herein can be modified by gene shuffling. Gene shuffling involves one or more cycles of random fragmentation and reassembly of at least two nucleotide sequences, followed by screening to select nucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides with desired properties. The recombination can be performed in vitro (see Stemmer et al. (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:10747-10751; Stemmer et al. (1994) Nature 370:389-391; Cramieri et al. (1998) Nature 391:288-291; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793, 5,811,238, 5,830,721, 5,834,252 and 5,837,458) or in vivo (see, International Pat. Pub. No. WO199707205). The nucleic acid molecules encoding the polypeptides then can be introduced into a host cell to be expressed heterologously and tested for their valencene synthase activity by any method described in section E below.

e. Fusion Proteins

Valencene synthase polypeptides also can be utilized or expressed as protein fusions. For example, a fusion can be generated to add additional functionality to a polypeptide. Examples of fusion proteins include, but are not limited to, fusions of a signal sequence, a tag such as for localization, e.g. a his₆ tag or a myc tag, or a tag for purification, for example, a GST fusion, GFP fusion or CBP fusion, and a sequence for directing protein secretion and/or membrane association. In other examples, a sesquiterpene synthase, such as a valencene synthase polypeptide provided herein, can be fused to FPP synthase (see, e.g., Brodelius et al. (2002) Eur. J. Biochem. 269:3570-3579).

Fusion proteins containing a valencene synthase polypeptide and one or more other polypeptides also are provided. Linkage of a valencene synthase polypeptide with another polypeptide can be effected directly or indirectly via a linker. In one example, linkage can be by chemical linkage, such as via heterobifunctional agents or thiol linkages or other such linkages. Fusion also can be effected by recombinant means. Fusion of a terpene synthase, such as a valencene synthase polypeptide, to another polypeptide can be to the N- or C-terminus of the valencene synthase polypeptide.

A fusion protein can be produced by standard recombinant techniques. For example, DNA fragments coding for the different polypeptide sequences can be ligated together in-frame in accordance with conventional techniques, e.g., by employing blunt-ended or stagger-ended termini for ligation, restriction enzyme digestion to provide for appropriate termini, filling-in of cohesive ends as appropriate, alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoid undesirable joining, and enzymatic ligation. In another embodiment, the fusion gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques including automated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCR amplification of gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers that give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene fragments that can subsequently be annealed and reamplified to generate a chimeric gene sequence (see, e.g., Ausubel et al. (eds.) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, 1992). Moreover, many expression vectors are commercially available that already encode a fusion moiety (e.g., a GST polypeptide). For example, a valencene synthase polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid can be cloned into such an expression vector such that the fusion moiety is linked in-frame to the valencene synthase protein. The valencene synthase and the fusion moiety can be linked directly, without a linker, or alternatively, linked indirectly in-frame with a linker.

E. METHODS FOR PRODUCING TERPENES AND METHODS FOR DETECTING SUCH PRODUCTS AND THE ACTIVITY OF VALENCENE SYNTHASE POLYPEPTIDES

The valencene synthases provided herein can be used to, and assessed for, their ability to produce terpenes, such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, from any suitable acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, including, but not limited to, geranyl diphosphate (GPP), farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) or geranyl-geranyl diphosphate (GGPP). Typically, the valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein catalyze the formation of the sesquiterpene valencene from FPP. The valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein also catalyze the formation of an additional compound, aristolochene, (designated peak 2; see FIG. 3A) from FPP.

Any method known to one of skill in the art can be used to produce terpenes, including valencene, with the valencene synthases provided herein. The ability of the valencene synthases provided herein to catalyze the formation of valencene or other terpenes from FPP can be assessed using these methods. In some examples, the amount of terpene, such as valencene, produced from FPP using the valencene synthases provided herein is compared to the amount of terpene, such as valencene, produced from the same substrate using a different valencene synthase, such as a valencene synthase from a different species, for example, a citrus valencene synthase, or any other valencene synthase known to one of skill in the art.

Other activities and properties of the valencene synthases, such as the valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein, also can be assessed using methods and assays well known in the art. In addition to assessing the activity of the valencene synthases and their ability to catalyze the formation of terpenes, the kinetics of the reaction, modified regiochemistry or stereochemistry, altered substrate utilization and/or altered product distribution (i.e. altered amount of the different terpenes produced from FPP or another substrate) compared to the valencene synthases can be assessed using methods well known in the art. For example, the type and amount of various terpenes produced from FPP, GPP or GGPP by the valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein can be assessed by gas chromatography methods (e.g. GC-MS), such as those described below and in Example 4. In some examples, profile of terpenes produced by the valencene synthase polypeptides from FPP include, but are not limited to, valencene, β-elemene, and aristolochene (peak 2) Also produced by the host cells are the acyclic terpene alcohols nerolidol and farnesol.

Provided below are methods for the production of terpenes, including valencene and nootkatone, from FPP using the valencene synthases provided herein.

1. Production of Terpenes Catalyzed by Eryngium glaciale Valencene Synthase

The modified valencene synthase polypeptides can be used to catalyze the formation of valencene and other terpenes from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as FPP. In some examples, the valencene synthases provided herein are expressed in cells that produce or overproduce FPP, such that valencene is produced by the pathway described above. In other examples, the valencene synthases provided herein are expressed and purified from any suitable host cell, such as described in Section C. The purified synthases are then combined in vitro with FPP to produce valencene.

In some examples, the valencene synthase provided herein is overexpressed and purified as described in Section C above. The valencene synthase is then incubated with the substrate farnesyl diphosphate and valencene is produced. The pH of the solution containing FPP and valencene synthase can impact the amount of valencene produced (see e.g. U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2010-0216186). An organic solvent is added to partition the valencene into the organic phase for analysis. Production of valencene and quantification of the amount of product are then determined using any method provided herein, such as gas chromatography (e.g. GC-MS) using an internal standard. Alternatively, the valencene synthase is expressed in host cells that also produce FPP, resulting in production of valencene. The valencene then can be extracted from the cell culture medium with an organic solvent and subsequently isolated and purified by any known method, such as column chromatography or HPLC, and the amount and purity of the recovered valencene are assessed. In some examples, the valencene is converted by oxidation to nootkatone either before or after purification.

a. Exemplary Cells

Valencene can be produced by expressing a valencene synthase polypeptide provided herein in a cell line that produces FPP as part of the mevalonate-dependent isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway (e.g. fungi, including yeast cells and animal cells) or the mevalonate-independent isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway (e.g. bacteria and higher plants). In particular examples, valencene is produced by expressing a valencene synthase polypeptide provided herein in a cell line that has been modified to overproduce FPP. Examples of such cells are modified yeast cells. For example, yeast cells that have been modified to produce less squalene synthase or less active squalene synthase (e.g. erg9 mutants; see e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303 and 6,689,593 and U.S. Pat. Pub. Nos. 2010-0151519 and 2010-0151555) are useful in the methods provided herein to produce valencene. Reduced squalene synthase activity results in accumulation of FPP in the host cell at higher levels compared to wild-type yeast cells, which in turn can result in increased yields of valencene production. Exemplary modified yeast cells include, but are not limited to, modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains CALI5-1 (ura3, leu2, his3, trp1, Δerg9::HIS3, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1), ALX7-95 (ura3, his3, trp1, Δerg9::HIS3, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue), ALX11-30 (ura3, trp1, erg9^(def)25, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue) and those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303 and 6,689,593 and published U.S. Patent Appl. Nos. 2004-0249219, 2010-0151519 and 2010-0151555.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CALI5-1 is a derivative of SW23B#74 (described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303 and 6,689,593, and Takahashi et al. (2007) (Biotechnol Bioeng. 97(1): 170-181), which was derived from wild-type strain ATCC 28383 (MATa). CALI5-1 was generated to have a decreased activity of the DPP1 phosphatase (see e.g. U.S. Published Appl. No. 2004-0249219). Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CALI5-1 contains, among other mutations, an erg9 mutation (the Δerg9::HIS3 allele) as well as a mutation supporting aerobic sterol uptake enhancement (sue). It also contains approximately 8 copies of the truncated HMG2 gene. The truncated form of HMG2 is driven by the GPD promoter and is therefore no longer under tight regulation, allowing for an increase in carbon flow to FPP. It also contains a deletion in the gene encoding diacylglycerol pyrophosphate (DGPP) phosphatase enzyme (dpp1), which limits dephosphorylation of FPP.

ALX7-95 and ALX11-30.1 are derivatives of CALI5-1. ALX7-95 was derived from CALI5-1 by correcting the Δleu2 deficiency of CALI5-1 with a functional LEU2 gene so that leucine is not required to be supplemented to the media (see e.g. US2010/0151519). ALX11-30 was constructed from CAL5-1 in several steps, described in Example 4, below.

b. Culture of Cells

In exemplary methods, a valencene synthase provided herein is expressed in a host cell line that has been modified to overproduce farnesyl diphosphate whereby upon expression of the valencene synthase, farnesyl diphosphate is converted to valencene. The host cell is cultured using any suitable method well known in the art. In some examples, such as for high throughput screening of cell expressing various valencene synthases, the cells expressing the valencene synthase are cultured in individual wells of a 96-well plate (see e.g. Example 4, below). In other examples where the host cell is yeast, the cell expressing the valencene synthase polypeptides and FPP is cultured using fermentation methods such as those described in the Examples below (see, e.g., Example 5).

A variety of fermentation methodologies can be utilized for the production of valencene from yeast cells expressing the valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein. For example, large scale production can be effected by either batch or continuous fermentation. A classical batch fermentation is a closed system where the composition of the medium is set at the beginning of the fermentation and not subject to artificial alterations during the fermentation. Thus, at the beginning of the fermentation the medium is inoculated with the desired microorganism or microorganisms and fermentation is permitted to occur without further addition of nutrients. Typically, the concentration of the carbon source in a batch fermentation is limited, and factors such as pH and oxygen concentration are controlled. In batch systems the metabolite and biomass compositions of the system change constantly up to the time the fermentation is stopped. Within batch cultures cells typically modulate through a static lag phase to a high growth log phase and finally to a stationary phase where growth rate is diminished or halted. If untreated, cells in the stationary phase will eventually die.

A variation on the standard batch system is the Fed-Batch system, which is similar to a typical batch system with the exception that nutrients are added as the fermentation progresses. Fed-Batch systems are useful when catabolite repression tends to inhibit the metabolism of the cells and where it is desirable to have limiting amounts of substrate in the medium. Also, the ability to feed nutrients will often result in higher cell densities in Fed-Batch fermentation processes compared to Batch fermentation processes. Factors such as pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrient concentrations, and the partial pressure of waste gases such as CO₂ are generally measured and controlled in Fed-Batch fermentations.

Production of the valencene also can be accomplished with continuous fermentation. Continuous fermentation is an open system where a defined fermentation medium is added continuously to a bioreactor and an equal amount of conditioned medium is removed simultaneously for processing. This system generally maintains the cultures at a constant high density where cells are primarily in their log phase of growth. Continuous fermentation allows for modulation of any number of factors that affect cell growth or end product concentration. For example, one method will maintain a limiting nutrient such as the carbon source or nitrogen level at a fixed rate and allow all other parameters to moderate. In other systems a number of factors affecting growth can be altered continuously while the cell concentration, measured by the medium turbidity, is kept constant. Continuous systems aim to maintain steady state growth conditions and thus the cell loss due to the medium removal must be balanced against the cell growth rate in the fermentation. Methods of modulating nutrients and growth factors for continuous fermentation processes as well as techniques for maximizing the rate of product formation are well known in the art. Following cell culture, the cell culture medium then can be harvested to obtain the produced valencene.

In one exemplary method, the host cells expressing the valencene synthase polypeptides (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CALI5-1, ALX7-95 or ALX11-30) are grown in 3 L fermentation tank at 28° C., pH 4.5 for approximately 132 hours, maintaining glucose at between 0 and 1 g/L. Following fermentation, sodium sulfate is added to a final concentration of 10-15%. Soybean oil also is added and agitated, and the oil containing the valencene (and other terpenes) is recovered by centrifugation.

c. Isolation and Assessment of Products

The valencene produced using the methods above with the valencene synthase polypeptides provided herein can be isolated and assessed by any method known in the art. In one example, the cell culture medium is extracted with an organic solvent to partition valencene, and any other terpene produced, into the organic layer. Valencene production can be assessed and/or the valencene isolated from other products using any method known in the art, such as, for example, gas chromatography. For example, the organic layer can be analyzed by gas chromatography using cedrene and hexadecane as internal standards. This method is exemplified in Examples 3 and 4 below.

The quantity of valencene produced can be determined by any known standard chromatographic technique useful for separating and analyzing organic compounds. For example, valencene production can be assayed by any known chromatographic technique useful for the detection and quantification of hydrocarbons, such as valencene and other terpenes, including, but not limited to, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC-FID), capillary GC-MS, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and column chromatography. Typically, these techniques are carried out in the presence of known internal standards, for example, cedrene or hexadecane, which are used to quantify the amount of the terpene produced.

For example, terpenes, including sesquiterpenes, such as valencene, can be identified by comparison of retention times and mass spectra to those of authentic standards in gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. Typical standards include, but are not limited to, cedrene and hexadecane. In other examples, quantification can be achieved by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection based upon calibration curves with known amounts of authentic standards and normalization to the peak area of an internal standard. These chromatographic techniques allow for the identification of any terpene present in the organic layer, including, for example, other terpenes produced by the modified valencene synthase, including, for example, β-elemene and aristolochene (peak 2) and other compounds produced by the cells, including nerolidol and farnesol (see e.g. Example 4).

In some examples, kinetics of valencene production can be determined by synthase assays in which radioactive isoprenoid substrates, such as ³H FPP or ¹⁴C FPP, are utilized with varying concentrations of synthase. The products are extracted into an organic layer and radioactivity is measured using a liquid scintillation counter. Kinetic constants are determined from direct fits of the Michaelis-Menton equation to the data.

2. Production of Nootkatone

Nootkatone, which is the dominant grapefruit aroma, is an oxidized product of valencene. The valencene synthases provided herein catalyze production of valencene, which then can be oxidized to nootkatone. Valencene can undergo regioselective hydroxylation to form 2-hydroxy valencene, which is further oxidized to form nootkatone. Oxidation of valencene can be carried out through chemical or biosynthetic means (see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,847,226, Eur. Pat. No. EP1083233; Girhard et al., (2009) Microb. Cell. Fact. 8:36; Fraatz et al., (2009) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 83(1):35-41; Furusawa et al. (2005) Chem Pharm. Bull. 53:1513-1514; Salvador et al., (2002) Green Chemistry, 4, 352-356). Biochemical oxidation can be effected by a laccase, hydroxylase, or other oxidative enzyme. In some examples, valencene is converted to nootkatone using chromium trioxide or a silica phosphonate-immobilized chromium (III) catalyst (as described for example, in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2012-0246767). Nootkatone formation can be confirmed and/or quantified by any of the chromatographic techniques described herein.

F. EXAMPLES

The following examples are included for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

Example 1 Extraction and Identification of Valencene from Eryngium glaciale

To confirm that Eryngium glaciale produces valencene, extracts of Eryngium glaciale leaves were tested for the presence of valencene. Eryngium glaciale leaves and branches were purchased from Wrightman alpine nursery (Ontario, Canada). Several leaves were dissected and submerged in ethyl acetate for several days. Plant oil in ethyl acetate was subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS analysis was performed with the PerkinElmer AutoSystem XL equipped with the TurboMass™ mass spectrometer. The gas chromatograph of the plant oil extract is shown in FIG. 2A. Valencene was detected around 10.18 minutes (Peak 1), and was the major peak. The mass spectrum of the peak at 10.18 minutes (valencene) is shown in FIG. 2B.

Example 2 Identification of the Valencene Synthase Encoding Nucleic Acid from Eryngium glaciale

Valencene synthase from Eryngium glaciale was identified by sequencing the total transcriptome of Eryngium glaciale using 454 high-throughput pyrosequencing (Roche Diagnostics, Branford, Conn.) and searching for homology to known terpene synthases.

RNA Purification

RNA was isolated from one gram of plant material, flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and subsequently ground to a powder using mortar and pestle. The powdered sample was thawed in 10 mL of TRIzol® reagent (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.) to extract RNA from the tissue, following the manufacturer's instruction with minor modifications. The powdered sample and TRIzol® mixture was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 10 minute at 4° C. to remove cell debris. Supernatant was transferred to new tubes, chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1) was added, and the sample was vortexed. After further centrifugation, two volumes of isopropanol was added, and the mixture was incubated for 10 minute at room temperature. RNA was precipitated by centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4° C. Precipitated RNA was washed once with 75% ethanol and resuspended in 20 μL RNAse-free water. RNA was further treated with DNase I (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Mass.) to remove DNA, and was subsequently purified and concentrated using the Qiagen MinElute RNA cleanup kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany).

Sequencing of the Total Transcriptome

The total transcriptome of Eryngium glaciale was sequenced using 454 pyrosequencing. Extracted total RNA was submitted to the Advanced Genetic Technology Center (AGTC) at University of Kentucky (UK) for transcriptome sequencing analysis. Assembly of a total of 5512221 reads generated 15717 contigs, with an average contig size was 847 base pairs. The resulting database was searched by BLAST against the sequences of several known terpene synthases. These synthases included: Perilla frutescens var. frutescens valencene synthase (SEQ ID NO:39; GenBank Accession No. AY917195.1); Citrus sinensis valencene synthase (SEQ ID NO:40; GenBank Accession No. AF441124.1); Hyoscyamus muticus vetispiradiene (or premnaspirodiene) synthase (SEQ ID NO:41; GenBank Accession No. U20188.1); Citrus hystrix germacrene D synthase (nucleic acid set forth in SEQ ID NO:42; GenBank Accession No. HQ652871.1; protein set forth in SEQ ID NO:45); and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis valencene synthase (SEQ ID NO:44). Homology among these ranged from about 35 to 50% identity at the nucleotide level. The generated BLAST database was searched using all five sequences. Five different partial sequences encoding candidate terpene synthases were identified from the generated database for BLAST searches Following amplification (described in Example 3 for the gene encoding the active synthase), DNA molecules encoding each of the five possible genes were produced. One gene, described in Example 3, encoded an active synthase that catalyzes production of valencene.

Example 3 Isolation of a Valencene Synthase-Encoding Gene from Eryngium glaciale

Based on the selected contig sequence (SEQ ID NO:4), primers for the amplification of 3′ and 5′ RACE fragments were designed such that there was about a 150 bp overlap between the 5′ and 3′ RACE fragments. Complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis and PCR were performed as described in the protocols of the kit (SMARTer™ RACE cDNA Amplification Kit (Clontech, Mountain View, Calif., USA)) with some modifications of the PCR conditions. The 5′ and 3′ RACE PCR fragments were cloned in the TOPO-TA vector (Invitrogen, San Diego) and each amplification product was sequenced.

The following PCR conditions were used to amplify the 3′ and 5′ RACE fragments: 94° C. initial denaturation for 2 minutes, 10 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 61° C. annealing for 45 seconds, 72° C. extension for 1 minute 20 seconds, followed by 25 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. annealing for 40 seconds, 72° C. extension for 1 minute 20 seconds. The primers used for amplifying the gene encoding the active valencene synthase are set forth in Table 3 below and included forward primer 63-1-2-Fwd2 (SEQ ID NO:5) and reverse primer 63-1-2-Rev2 (SEQ ID NO:6). Forward nested primer 63-1-2-NestFwd2 (SEQ ID NO:7) and the reverse nested primer 63-1-2-NestRev2 (SEQ ID NO:8) were used to increase the specificity of amplification products in the PCR.

TABLE 3 Primers for RACE PCR Primer Sequence SEQ ID NO 63-1-2-Fwd2 GCTAGCTCATGTTGATACATTTTCTGCAGTCG 5 63-1-2-Rev2 GCTGTCAGTAACAACCTCTCGTCTTGAGC 6 63-1-2-NestFwd2 CGGTTAAAATCTAGTTTTGCAAACTCCAAAAGC 7 63-1-2-NestRev2 CCCACGTGAAGTACCCTCTTGAGGACG 8

The full-length nucleotide sequence of the gene, designated EGVS and subsequently confirmed to encode a valencene synthase (see Example 3 below), is set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 and the encoded amino acid sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.

Example 4 Cloning of EGVS into the pAlx31-108.2 Expression Vector

The isolated full-length EGVS gene was cloned into the pAlx31-108.2 expression vector (SEQ ID NO:32). The EGVS gene was amplified using two sets of primers (see Table 4 below) to remove the KpnI restriction site at position 964 of the coding sequence including forward primer 63-52-EG2FwdPart1 (SEQ ID NO:9) and reverse primer 63-52-EG2RevPart1 (SEQ ID NO:10); and forward primer 63-52-EG2FwdPart2 (SEQ ID NO:11) and reverse primer 63-52-EG2RevPart2 (SEQ ID NO:12).

TABLE 4 Primers   SEQ ID Primer Sequence NO 63-52-EG2FwdPart1 GCTGAATTCGAGCTCGGTACCATTAAAAAAAATGTCTCT  9 TAATGTACTTAGTACGTCAGG 63-52-EG2RevPart1 GAAGTTCTTTGAATGTACCATACACATCATACG 10 63-52-EG2FwdPart2 GATGTGTATGGTACATTCAAAGAACTTCTACTGTTCACTG 11 63-52-EG2RevPart2 TACGCGCACAAAAGCAGAGATTCTAGATTACAAAGGAAT 12 AGGATCCACGAGCAGTG

A KpnI restriction site beginning at position 964 of the coding sequence was removed, as KpnI and XbaI sites are frequently used to clone genes into the pAlx31-108.2 expression vector. The KpnI site was altered without affecting the amino acid sequence of EGVS, by replacing the C at position 969 of the wild-type EGVS gene with an A, thereby changing the ACC (encoding for threonine) codon to an ACA (encoding for threonine) (nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3). The final EGVS expression vector, designated pAlx63-71 (SEQ ID NO:33) was constructed using the Gibson Assembly™ Master Mix (New England Biolabs) with PCR products amplified using the 63-52-EG2FwdPart1, 63-52-EG2RevPart1, 63-52-EG2FwdPart2, and 63-52-EG2RevPart2 primers (see Table 4 above).

Example 5 Expression of EGVS in Yeast and High Throughput Screening of Cells Expressing Valencene

The pAlx63-71 expression vector encoding the EGVS was transformed into the modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains ALX7-95 (ura3, his3, trp1, Δerg9::HIS3, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue) and ALX11-30 (ura3, trp1, erg9def25, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue) for expression of valencene synthase and production of valencene using a high throughput screening assay.

a. Generation of Modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains ALX7-95 and ALX7-95

As noted above, ALX7-95 and ALX11-30 were derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CALI5-1, which is a well-known and disseminated strain. (see, e.g., published U.S. Patent Appl. No. 2012-0246767). Strain CALI5-1 is a derivative of the strain designated SW23B#74 (described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303 and 6,689,593; see, also Takahashi et al. (2007) Biotechnol Bioeng. 97(1):170-181), which is derived from wild-type strain MATa, deposited under accession number ATCC 28383. CALI5-1 was generated to have decreased activity of the DPP1 phosphatase (see e.g. U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2004-0249219). Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CALI5-1 contains, among other mutations, an erg9 mutation (the Δerg9::HIS3 allele) as well as a mutation supporting aerobic sterol uptake enhancement (sue). It also contains approximately 8 copies of the truncated HMG2 gene. The truncated form of HMG2 is driven by the GPD promoter and is therefore no longer under tight regulation, allowing for an increase in carbon flow to FPP. It also contains a deletion in the gene encoding diacylglycerol pyrophosphate (DGPP) phosphatase enzyme (dpp1), which limits dephosphorylation of FPP.

ALX7-95 was generated form CALI5-1 by correcting the Δleu2 deficiency of CALI5-1 with a functional LEU2 gene so that leucine supplementation is not required (see e.g. US2010/0151519). ALX11-30 was constructed from CALI5-1 in several steps from a strain designated ALX7-175.1 which as described in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2010-0151519.

Briefly, ALX7-175.1 was produced as follows. ALX7-95 HPS was obtained by transforming a plasmid containing the Hyoscyamus muticus premnaspirodiene synthase (HPS) into ALX7-95 strain. The YEp-HPS plasmid was obtained by cloning the gene for HPS into Yep-GW-URA to give YEp-HPS-ura (YEp-HPS). Then, an error prone PCR reaction of the ERG9 gene was performed, and the resulting DNA was transformed into ALX7-95 harboring YEpHPS. Transformants were plated on YP medium lacking ergosterol and screened for premnaspirodiene production. Those that produced high levels of premnaspirodiene were saved. One strain, ALX7-168.25 [ura3, trp1, his3, erg9^(def)25, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue, YEpHPS] was transformed with a PCR fragment of the complete HIS3 gene to create a functional HIS3 gene. Transformants were isolated that were able to grow in the absence of histidine in the medium. From this transformation, ALX7-175.1 was isolated [ura3, trp1, erg9def25, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue YEpHPS]. Finally, the plasmid YEpHPS was removed by growing ALX7-175.1 several generations in YPD (10 g/L yeast extract, 20 g/L peptone, 20 g/L glucose) and plating cells on YPD plates. Colonies were identified that were unable to grow on SD medium without uracil (0.67% Bacto yeast nitrogen base without amino acids, 2% glucose, 0.14% yeast synthetic drop-out medium without uracil). This strain was designated ALX11-30.

B. High Throughput Screening for Valencene Production

Eight colonies from each transformation of the pALx63-71 vector into ALX7-95 and ALX11-30 were analyzed for sesquiterpene production in deep well microtiter plates. Transformants were screened for valencene production by microculture analysis using 96 deep-well plates. Individual transformants were inoculated into individual wells of 96-well microtiter plates filled with 200 μL of synthetic defined medium (SD: 0.67% Bacto yeast nitrogen base without amino acids, 2% glucose, and 0.14% yeast synthetic drop-out medium supplement without histidine, leucine, tryptophan or uracil) for the ALX11-30 strains and synthetic defined media with ergosterol (SDE: 0.67% Bacto yeast nitrogen base without amino acids, 2% glucose, 0.14% yeast synthetic drop-out medium supplement without histidine, leucine, tryptophan or uracil, and 40 mg/L ergosterol) for the erg9 deficient ALX7-95 strains. The plates were incubated for two to three days at 28° C. After growth to saturation, 10 μL of the saturated culture from each well were used to inoculate a 96 deep-well plate containing 300 μL of medium suitable for growth and valencene production. The plate was sealed with Airpore tape (Qiagen) and incubated with shaking for 3 days.

Biosynthetic products were extracted first by the addition of 250 tit of acetone containing cedrene into each well, sealing with rubber plate sealer, vortexing, followed by addition of 500 μL of n-hexane containing hexadecane and additional vortexing. After phase separation, the plate was sealed with aluminum film and placed on the sample tray of a gas chromatography autosampler, which removed one microliter of the organic phase for each well for analysis of sesquiterpenes. The acetone and hexane used for extraction were each spiked with internal standards cedrene and hexadecane, respectively, to aid in quantitation of the samples. The extracted samples were analyzed by gas chromatography and the amount of valencene was calculated from the area under the peak representing valencene.

C. Results

Table 5 below provides the product distribution profiles and amount of valencene produced by Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase, as determined by gas chromatography, for the three highest valencene producers from ALX7-95 and the four highest valencene producers from ALX11-30, and their strain name designations. As indicated in Table 5, various additional compounds were observed in addition to valencene, including nerolidol, farnesol and the compound, aristolochene, at peak 2, which is aristolochene. The result demonstrates that this valencene synthase catalyzes production of product profile different from the citrus valencene synthase. Cedrene and hexadecane represent internal standards used to quantify the amount of valencene produced. All seven of these strains were further analyzed in the shake flask assay described in Example 4.

TABLE 5 Product distribution for microculture assay mg/mL Yeast Peak Area valen- Strain Strain Cedrene aristolochene Valencene nerolidol Hexadecane Farnesol cene name  7-95 15794 23576 75056 6718 15085 7475 120.10 Alx-63- 70.1 14916 18809 59731 6057 14930 7057 101.20 Alx-63- 70.2 14443 19245 61326 5368 13706 6378 107.31 Alx-63- 70.3 11-30 14151 26590 80470 15281 143.71 Alx-63- 70.4 14491 33936 107516 16152 187.51 Alx-63- 70.5 14428 33512 105465 15969 184.73 Alx-63- 70.6 16093 19851 60353 17711 94.78 Alx-63- 70.7

Example 6 Shake Flask Assay of Cells Expressing Valencene

Seed cultures were started in 250 mL flasks by inoculating 15 mL of SD or SDE medium (for ALX11-30 and ALX7-95 strains, respectively) with freshly growing colonies of the 7 strains shown in Table 5 above. The cultures were grown for 24 hours, and 2.5 mL of each culture were used to inoculate 50 mL of fermentation medium (2% ammonium sulfate, 2% potassium phosphate, 0.1% NaCl, 0.6% MgSO₄.7H₂O, 0.4% yeast extract, 1 mL mineral solution [FeSO₄.7H₂O 0.028%, ZnSO₄.7H₂O 0.029%, CuSO₄.5H₂O 0.008%, Na₂MoO₄.2H₂O 0.024%, CoCl₂.6H₂O 0.024%, MnSO₄.H₂O 0.017%, HCl 1 mL], 0.5 mL 50% glucose, 1.5 mL vitamin solution [biotin 0.001%, Ca-pantothenate 0.012%, inositol 0.06%, pyridoxine-HCl 0.012%, thiamine-HCl 0.012%], and 0.5 mL 10% CaCl₂) in a 250 mL baffled flask. The cultures were grown at 28° C. After 16 hours of incubation, the cultures were fed 3.6 mL of 50% glucose and 0.667 mL of 12.5% yeast extract. The cultures were fed every 24 after the initial feed. The pH of the cultures was adjusted to 4.5 every 24 hours with the addition of 30% NaOH. After approximately 88 hours of incubation, 0.1 mL of IGEPAL CA-630 were added and the culture was incubated with shaking to fully disperse the vegetable oil. After 30 minutes, a 2 mL culture sample was taken for analysis. The sample was extracted with 2 mL acetone/cedrene solution and then extracted with 4 mL hexane/hexadecane solution. An aliquot of the organic phase was analyzed by gas chromatography and the amount of valencene produced was quantified by calculating the area under the peak representing valencene. The product distribution profiles and valencene production for each of 2 EGVS containing strains were compared to a control citrus valencene synthases (CVS) and valencene synthase V277 (described in copending U.S. Publication Serial No. 2012-0246767) having a sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 and a sequence of amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:31. V277 has about 83% sequence identity with wild type CVS. Cells that express V277 produce more valencene than cells that express wild type CVS (amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:14).

Table 6a below provides product distribution profiles including the amount of valencene produced from the shake flask assay, as determined by gas chromatography, of CVS 277 compared to two strains that produce EGVS in the ALX11-30 strain (as described in Example 3). As shown in Table 6, the Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase strains produced more valencene per mL as compared to the CVS V277 mutant, which in turn produces more valencene than the CVS wild type.

Cedrene and hexadecane represent internal standards used to quantify the amount of valencene produced. FIG. 3A shows an exemplary gas chromatogram of an exemplary ALX7-95 strain Alx-64.70.3, with valencene having a retention time of 12.46 min and FIG. 3B shows the mass spectrum of the valencene (peak at 12.46 min). FIG. 7 depicts the results graphically.

TABLE 6 Product distribution for shake flask assay Yeast Peak Area mg/mL Strain Cedrene Valencene Hexadecane valencene Strain name ALX11-30 13743 2565260 15877 356.1 YC33-11 9770 378154 18747 714.2 Alx-63-70.6 11179 472779 19251 780.3 Alx-63-70.7 FIG. 7 depicts the data in Table 6b and shows a comparison between production of valencene in cells that express the citrus valencene synthase with cells that express the Eryngium glaciale synthase. The EG synthase expressing cells produce more than twice the amount of valencene compared to the CVS synthase.

Example 7 Isolation of Valencene

The broths from two fermentations of ALX63-70.7 (2 L each) were vacuum filtered through a course filter funnel. The filter cake (soybean oil, cells, and cellular debris) was transferred to a 4 L flask and acetone (2 L each) was added to the filter cake and filtrate (soybean oil and cells), respectively and the solutions were stirred for 1 hr. The resulting heterogeneous mixtures were filtered and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude organic extracted was then subjected to silica gel chromatography using hexanes as the only solvent. After removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, the light yellow oily material was dissolved acetone and the phospholipids were precipitated at −20° C. The phospholipids were filtered and acetone in the filtrate was removed under reduced pressure to afford a clear oil (25 g). The clear oil was then further purified by falling film distillation (0.1 torr, 125° C.) to afford an enriched valencene fraction (3.13 g). Valencene was then purified from the enriched fraction by reversed phase (C18) HPLC using isocratic acetonitrile as solvent and a refractive index detector.

Proton (¹H) and Carbon-13 (¹³C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of the purified sample showed the purified sample had identical chemical shifts as an authentic standard of valencene (see NMR data below). Furthermore, 1D-NOESY experiments where the quaternary methyl group (C11) was irradiated showed correlations with the methine on C9 and the C12 methyl group thus suggesting that the C11 and C12 methyl groups and the C9 methine are all on the same face of the molecule. The structure of valencene with carbon numbering assigned is shown below:

Finally, gas chromatography (GC-FID), chiral gas chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the purified sample showed that the putative valencene peak had identical retention times and mass spectra as an authentic standard of valencene. These data together demonstrates that the structure of the isolated peak is (+)-valencene.

¹H NMR (BENZENE-d₆) δ: 5.36 (dt, J=4.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (s, 1H), 4.80 (s, 1H), 2.23-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.21 (s, 1H), 2.06 (ddd, J=13.9, 4.1, 2.6 Hz, 2H), 1.90-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.69 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 1.66 (s, 3H), 1.31-1.46 (m, 2H), 1.26 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 1.05 (t, J=12.7 Hz, 1H), 0.91 (s, 3H), 0.83 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (BENZENE-d₆) δ: 150.8, 143.3, 120.9, 109.3, 45.7, 41.6, 41.7, 38.5, 33.8, 33.5, 27.9, 26.7, 21.3, 18.9, 16.2. GC-MS (EI⁺, 70 eV); (%): 55(44), 67(38), 79(82), 91(80), 93(77), 105(75), 107(73), 119(66), 133(56), 147(33), 161(100), 175(17), 189(34), 204(29).

Example 8 Comparison of Kinetic Parameters of E. Glaciale Valencene Synthase (EgVS) and Valencene Synthase V277

In this example, the activity of E. glaciale valencene synthase (EgVS; SEQ ID NO:1) and of the citrus valencene synthase designated V277 (SEQ ID NO:31) were evaluated by steady state kinetic analysis. To compare the activities of these enzymes in vitro, the valencene synthases were Histidine-tagged at the C-terminus, expressed in E. coli, purified by nickel chelate chromatography, and evaluated for activity by steady state kinetic analysis. The reaction conditions were as follows: 50 nM EgVS or 250 nM valencene synthase V277, 50 mM Bis-Tris Propane (pH 7.5), 20 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl. T=30C. Detection: GC/MS-SIM.

As shown in FIG. 6 and Table 7 below, EgVS exhibits dramatically higher in total and specific activity when compared side-by-side with the citrus valencene synthase designated V277. In addition to increased activity, EgVS also turned over significantly more times than valencene synthase V277.

TABLE 7 CVS and EgVS Steady State Kinetic parameters Enzyme K_(m, FPP) k_(cat) V_(max) (His-tag purified) (μM) (min⁻¹) (μmol (g protein)⁻¹ min⁻¹) valencene 7.8 1.5 23.4 synthase V277 EgVS 21.4 ± 10.5 25.2 ± 3.8 376 ± 57 The EgVS synthase provided herein, thus, not only produces a different terpene profile compared to other synthases, such as CVS, but also exhibits greater activity, even when compared to a CVS synthase that has been modified and optimized to exhibit increased activity.

Since modifications will be apparent to those of skill in this art, it is intended that this invention be limited only by the scope of the appended claims. 

1. An isolated valencene synthase polypeptide that comprises a sequence of amino acids that has at least 85% sequence identity to a valencene synthase polypeptide whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or a catalytically active fragment thereof, wherein the synthase polypeptide or catalytically active fragment thereof catalyzes the formation of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor.
 2. The isolated valencene synthase polypeptide of claim 1 that is an Eryngium glaciale valencene synthase that comprises the sequence of amino acid residues set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or a catalytically active fragment thereof.
 3. The isolated valencene synthase polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor is farnesyl diphosphate.
 4. A host cell that encodes a valencene synthase polypeptide of claim 1, wherein: the host cell produces an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor; the valencene synthase polypeptide is heterologous to the host cell; the valencene synthase polypeptide catalyzes production of valencene from the precursor; and if the host cell is a human cell, it is an isolated cell or a cultured cell.
 5. The host cell of claim 4 that is a yeast host cell.
 6. The host cell of claim 4, wherein: the encoded valencene synthase polypeptide comprises a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or a catalytically active fragment thereof.
 7. A nucleic acid molecule, comprising a sequence of nucleotides that encodes the valencene synthase polypeptide or catalytically active fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is cDNA.
 8. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 7, wherein: the encoded valencene synthase polypeptide comprises a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or a catalytically active fragment thereof.
 9. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 8, wherein the encoded valencene synthase polypeptide has at least 90% amino acid sequence identity with the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or with a catalytically active fragment thereof.
 10. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 7, wherein the encoded valencene synthase polypeptide has at least 95% amino acid sequence identity with the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or with a catalytically active fragment thereof.
 11. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 7 selected from among nucleic acid molecules comprising: (a) the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; (b) a sequence of nucleotides encoding a polypeptide having at least 85% sequence identity to the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and (c) degenerates of (a) and (b).
 12. A vector, comprising a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a valencene synthase polypeptide that comprises a sequence of amino acid residues that has at least 85% sequence identity to a valencene synthase polypeptide whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or a catalytically active fragment thereof, wherein the encoded valencene synthase or catalytically active fragment thereof catalyzes the formation of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor.
 13. The vector of claim 12, wherein the vector is a prokaryotic vector or a eukaryotic vector.
 14. The vector of claim 12 that is a viral vector.
 15. The vector of claim 12, wherein the vector is a yeast vector.
 16. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 12, wherein, if the host cell is a human cell, it is an isolated cell or a cultured cell.
 17. The host cell of claim 16 that is a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell.
 18. The host cell of claim 16 that is selected from among a bacteria, yeast, insect, plant or mammalian cell.
 19. The host cell of claim 18 that is a yeast cell and is a Saccharomyces genus cell or a Pichia genus cell.
 20. The cell of claim 16 that produces farnesyl diphosphate natively or is modified to produce more farnesyl diphosphate compared to an unmodified cell.
 21. The cell of claim 16 that is a plant cell.
 22. A transgenic plant, comprising a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a valencene synthase polypeptide that comprises a sequence of amino acids that has at least 85% sequence identity to a valencene synthase polypeptide whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or a catalytically active fragment thereof, wherein the synthase polypeptide or catalytically active fragment thereof catalyzes the formation of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor.
 23. A transgenic plant, comprising the vector of claim
 12. 24. A method for producing a valencene synthase polypeptide, comprising: culturing a cell of claim 4 under conditions suitable for expression of the valencene synthase to produce the valencene synthase polypeptide or a catalytically active fragment thereof.
 25. The method of claim 24, comprising isolating the valencene synthase polypeptide and/or catalytically active fragment thereof.
 26. A method for producing valencene, comprising: contacting an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with a valencene synthase of claim 1 under conditions suitable for the formation of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor to produce valencene, wherein: the step of contacting the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with the valencene synthase polypeptide is effected in vitro or in vivo in a host cell that encodes the valencene synthase and the encoded valencene synthase is heterologous to the host cell.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor is farnesyl diphosphate.
 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the contacting is effected in vitro.
 29. A method for producing valencene, comprising: culturing a cell that contains a vector of claim 12 under conditions in which the encoded valencene synthase polypeptide is expressed and catalyzes production of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, wherein: the valencene synthase polypeptide is heterologous to the cell; and the cell produces the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor is farnesyl diphosphate.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the cell is a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell that is selected from among a bacteria, yeast, insect, plant or mammalian cell.
 32. The method of claim 29, wherein the cell is a yeast cell that is a Saccharomyces genus cell or a Pichia genus cell.
 33. The method of claim 29, wherein the cell is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell.
 34. The method of claim 29, further comprising isolating the valencene.
 35. The method of claim 29, further comprising oxidizing the valencene to nootkatone.
 36. The method of claim 34, further comprising oxidizing the valencene to nootkatone.
 37. A method for producing nootkatone, comprising: culturing a cell of claim 16 under conditions in which the encoded valencene synthase polypeptide is expressed and catalyzes production of valencene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor to produce valencene, wherein the cell produces the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor; and oxidizing the valencene to produce nootkatone.
 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor is farnesyl diphosphate.
 39. The method of claim 37, wherein the cell is a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell that is selected from among a bacteria, yeast, insect, plant or mammalian cell.
 40. The method of claim 37, wherein the cell is a yeast cell that is a Saccharomyces genus cell or a Pichia genus cell.
 41. The method of claim 37, wherein the cell is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell.
 42. The method of claim 37, further comprising isolating the valencene before oxidizing the valencene to nootkatone.
 43. The method of claim 29, further comprising isolating aristolochene, the compound of peak #2 in FIG. 3A. 